Neurology Pharmacist Intervention

Authors
Affiliation

Ryan Moore

VUMC Department of Biostatistics

Leena Choi

Published

Last Updated on 18 February 2025

Descriptive statistics

Patient Characteristics

Patient characteristics
N
N=741
Age 741 22 60 72  (50 ±27)
Sex 741
    Female 45.1% (334)
    Male 54.8% (406)
    Unknown 0.0% ( 0)
    Decline to Answer 0.1% ( 1)
Race 720
    White 83.2% (599)
    Black or African American 9.7% ( 70)
    American Indian or Alaska Native 0.4% ( 3)
    Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.1% ( 1)
    Prefer Not to Answer/Unable to Provide 1.9% ( 14)
    Asian 1.1% ( 8)
    Middle Eastern 0.1% ( 1)
    Hispanic/Latino/a 1.7% ( 12)
    None of these 1.7% ( 12)
Ethnicity 659
    Decline to Answer/Prefer Not to Answer 2.6% ( 17)
    Mexican, Mexican American, or Chicano/a 1.2% ( 8)
    Puerto Rican 0.2% ( 1)
    Other Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish origin 3.0% ( 20)
    White American 31.7% (209)
    African American 2.0% ( 13)
    Armenian 0.5% ( 3)
    Asian Indian 0.3% ( 2)
    Bamar 0.2% ( 1)
    Black 3.5% ( 23)
    None of these 44.3% (292)
    Chinese 0.6% ( 4)
    Cherokee 0.5% ( 3)
    English 1.2% ( 8)
    Filipino 0.2% ( 1)
    German 0.3% ( 2)
    Indian 0.2% ( 1)
    Irish 0.2% ( 1)
    Italian 0.5% ( 3)
    Kenyan 0.2% ( 1)
    Other Asian 0.3% ( 2)
    Unable to Provide 6.7% ( 44)
Number of interventions 741 1.0 2.0 4.0  (3.0 ±2.9)
Primary insurance (medical) 741
    Medicare 46.4% (344)
    Medicaid 17.8% (132)
    Tricare 2.3% ( 17)
    Commercial 31.2% (231)
    Other 0.4% ( 3)
    None 1.9% ( 14)
Secondary insurance (medical) 741
    Medicare 19.2% (142)
    Medicaid 11.7% ( 87)
    Tricare 2.3% ( 17)
    Commercial 4.6% ( 34)
    Other 0.8% ( 6)
    None 61.4% (455)
Tertiary insurance (medical) 741
    Medicare 0.1% ( 1)
    Medicaid 0.0% ( 0)
    Tricare 0.0% ( 0)
    Commercial 0.0% ( 0)
    Other 0.0% ( 0)
    None 99.9% (740)
Primary insurance (Pharmacy) 741
    Medicare 45.9% (340)
    Medicaid 17.8% (132)
    Tricare 3.9% ( 29)
    Commercial 29.8% (221)
    Other 0.1% ( 1)
    None 2.4% ( 18)
Secondary insurance (Pharmacy) 741
    Medicare 0.8% ( 6)
    Medicaid 5.5% ( 41)
    Tricare 1.2% ( 9)
    Commercial 0.4% ( 3)
    Other 0.3% ( 2)
    None 91.8% (680)
VSP patient 741
    No 31% (230)
    Yes 69% (511)
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Patient characteristics
N
 No
N=230		 Yes
N=511		 P-value
Age 741 26 58 71  (50 ±26) 21 62 74  (51 ±27) 0.451
Sex 741 0.662
    Female 43.5% (100) 45.8% (234)
    Male 56.5% (130) 54.0% (276)
    Unknown 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
    Decline to Answer 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
Race 720 0.462
    White 82.3% (181) 83.6% (418)
    Black or African American 8.6% ( 19) 10.2% ( 51)
    American Indian or Alaska Native 0.5% ( 1) 0.4% ( 2)
    Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.5% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    Prefer Not to Answer/Unable to Provide 1.8% ( 4) 2.0% ( 10)
    Asian 2.3% ( 5) 0.6% ( 3)
    Middle Eastern 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Hispanic/Latino/a 1.8% ( 4) 1.6% ( 8)
    None of these 2.3% ( 5) 1.4% ( 7)
Ethnicity 659 0.222
    Decline to Answer/Prefer Not to Answer 2.6% ( 5) 2.6% ( 12)
    Mexican, Mexican American, or Chicano/a 1.0% ( 2) 1.3% ( 6)
    Puerto Rican 0.5% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    Other Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish origin 3.1% ( 6) 3.0% ( 14)
    White American 31.4% ( 61) 31.8% (148)
    African American 2.6% ( 5) 1.7% ( 8)
    Armenian 0.5% ( 1) 0.4% ( 2)
    Asian Indian 0.5% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    Bamar 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Black 3.1% ( 6) 3.7% ( 17)
    None of these 46.9% ( 91) 43.2% (201)
    Chinese 0.5% ( 1) 0.6% ( 3)
    Cherokee 1.0% ( 2) 0.2% ( 1)
    English 0.0% ( 0) 1.7% ( 8)
    Filipino 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    German 0.5% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    Indian 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Irish 0.5% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    Italian 0.0% ( 0) 0.6% ( 3)
    Kenyan 0.5% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    Other Asian 1.0% ( 2) 0.0% ( 0)
    Unable to Provide 3.6% ( 7) 8.0% ( 37)
Number of interventions 741 1.0 2.0 4.0  (3.3 ±3.1) 1.0 2.0 3.0  (2.9 ±2.7) 0.0771
Primary insurance (medical) 741 <0.0012
    Medicare 34.3% ( 79) 51.9% (265)
    Medicaid 8.3% ( 19) 22.1% (113)
    Tricare 1.3% ( 3) 2.7% ( 14)
    Commercial 52.2% (120) 21.7% (111)
    Other 0.4% ( 1) 0.4% ( 2)
    None 3.5% ( 8) 1.2% ( 6)
Secondary insurance (medical) 741 0.362
    Medicare 21.7% ( 50) 18.0% ( 92)
    Medicaid 10.4% ( 24) 12.3% ( 63)
    Tricare 0.9% ( 2) 2.9% ( 15)
    Commercial 5.2% ( 12) 4.3% ( 22)
    Other 0.4% ( 1) 1.0% ( 5)
    None 61.3% (141) 61.4% (314)
Tertiary insurance (medical) 741 0.52
    Medicare 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Medicaid 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
    Tricare 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
    Commercial 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
    Other 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
    None 100.0% (230) 99.8% (510)
Primary insurance (Pharmacy) 741 <0.0012
    Medicare 30.4% ( 70) 52.8% (270)
    Medicaid 6.5% ( 15) 22.9% (117)
    Tricare 1.7% ( 4) 4.9% ( 25)
    Commercial 55.7% (128) 18.2% ( 93)
    Other 0.4% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    None 5.2% ( 12) 1.2% ( 6)
Secondary insurance (Pharmacy) 741 0.292
    Medicare 1.3% ( 3) 0.6% ( 3)
    Medicaid 6.1% ( 14) 5.3% ( 27)
    Tricare 0.0% ( 0) 1.8% ( 9)
    Commercial 0.4% ( 1) 0.4% ( 2)
    Other 0.0% ( 0) 0.4% ( 2)
    None 92.2% (212) 91.6% (468)
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Tests used: 1Wilcoxon test; 2Pearson test .

Medication and clinic data

Medication and clinics
N
N=741
Number of medications 741
    1 94.2% (698)
    2 5.3% ( 39)
    3 0.5% ( 4)
Number of clinics 741
    1 98.8% (732)
    2 1.1% ( 8)
    3 0.1% ( 1)
CPPA 741
    No 79.9% (592)
    Yes 14.7% (109)
    Yes and No 5.4% ( 40)
Number of prescriptions 741
    1 74.1% (549)
    2 17.4% (129)
    3 5.3% ( 39)
    4 2.0% ( 15)
    5 0.8% ( 6)
    6 0.3% ( 2)
    8 0.1% ( 1)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Medication and clinics
N
 No
N=230		 Yes
N=511		 P-value
Number of medications 741 0.016
    1 97.8% (225) 92.6% (473)
    2 2.2% ( 5) 6.7% ( 34)
    3 0.0% ( 0) 0.8% ( 4)
Number of clinics 741 0.42
    1 99.6% (229) 98.4% (503)
    2 0.4% ( 1) 1.4% ( 7)
    3 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
CPPA 741 0.002
    No 86.1% (198) 77.1% (394)
    Yes 7.8% ( 18) 17.8% ( 91)
    Yes and No 6.1% ( 14) 5.1% ( 26)
Number of prescriptions 741 0.22
    1 80.4% (185) 71.2% (364)
    2 12.6% ( 29) 19.6% (100)
    3 4.3% ( 10) 5.7% ( 29)
    4 1.7% ( 4) 2.2% ( 11)
    5 0.4% ( 1) 1.0% ( 5)
    6 0.4% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    8 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Test used: Pearson test .

Interventions

Intervention Characteristics

  • There are repeated measures per patient.

  • Intervention categories are not mutually exclusive

Interventions
N
 No
N=767		 Yes
N=1477		 Combined
N=2244
Intervention time 2231 5.0 10.0 15.0  (11.6 ±10.0) 5.0 8.0 15.0  (10.3 ± 8.5) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (10.7 ± 9.1)
Was a pharmacist intervention or quick action performed? 2244
    Pharmacist Intervention 5.1% ( 39) 29.0% ( 429) 20.9% ( 468)
    Quick Action 94.9% ( 728) 71.0% (1048) 79.1% (1776)
Intervention type categorized 385
    FA Referral 24.1% ( 21) 14.4% ( 43) 16.6% ( 64)
    No Change 20.7% ( 18) 15.1% ( 45) 16.4% ( 63)
    Other 1.1% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0) 0.3% ( 1)
    Other Medication Access 0.0% ( 0) 0.7% ( 2) 0.5% ( 2)
    Other Medication Change 0.0% ( 0) 2.3% ( 7) 1.8% ( 7)
    Patient Counseling 4.6% ( 4) 10.1% ( 30) 8.8% ( 34)
    Provider Referral 5.7% ( 5) 10.1% ( 30) 9.1% ( 35)
    Safety Monitoring 2.3% ( 2) 6.7% ( 20) 5.7% ( 22)
    Specialty Medication Access 10.3% ( 9) 6.4% ( 19) 7.3% ( 28)
    Specialty Medication Change 31.0% ( 27) 34.2% (102) 33.5% (129)
Intervention Category: General 2244
    93.4% ( 716) 79.1% (1169) 84.0% (1885)
    General 6.6% ( 51) 20.9% ( 308) 16.0% ( 359)
Intervention Category: Safety 2244
    95.7% ( 734) 86.7% (1280) 89.8% (2014)
    Safety 4.3% ( 33) 13.3% ( 197) 10.2% ( 230)
Intervention Category: Efficacy 2244
    96.6% ( 741) 93.8% (1386) 94.8% (2127)
    Efficacy 3.4% ( 26) 6.2% ( 91) 5.2% ( 117)
Intervention Category: Adherence 2244
    100.0% ( 767) 97.8% (1444) 98.5% (2211)
    Adherence 0.0% ( 0) 2.2% ( 33) 1.5% ( 33)
Intervention Category: Coordination of Care 2244
    11% ( 85) 37% ( 542) 28% ( 627)
    Coordination of care 89% ( 682) 63% ( 935) 72% (1617)
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.

Cost savings that resulted due to therapy changes from recommendation

Cost savings
N
 Pharmacist Intervention
N=468		 Quick Action
N=1776
Was the medication refill deferred due to the pharmacist's recommendation? 1776
    No 97% (1722)
    Yes 3% ( 54)
Why was the refill deferred? 54
    Upcoming PharmD follow-up 35% (19)
    Upcoming office visit 65% (35)
What was the outcome of follow-up after renewal was deferred? 54
    No change 63.0% (34)
    Discontinued 5.6% ( 3)
    Medication change 0.0% ( 0)
    Dose change 31.5% (17)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.

Intervention time

Intervention time by clinic

Intervention time by clinic
N
 Amyloidosis
N=121		 Autonomics
N=323		 Epilepsy
N=518		 Inpatient
N=159		 Movement disorders
N=908		 Neuromuscular
N=211		 Other
N=4		 Combined
N=2244
Intervention time 2231 5.0 5.0 10.0  ( 9.7 ± 8.7) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (12.3 ±10.9) 5.0 5.0 10.0  ( 9.4 ± 7.8) 5.0 5.0 10.0  ( 9.0 ± 7.2) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (11.1 ± 9.5) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (11.5 ± 8.4) 13.8 15.0 16.2  (15.0 ± 4.1) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (10.7 ± 9.1)
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.

Intervention time by VSP and Non-VSP

Intervention time by VSP status
N
 No
N=767		 Yes
N=1477		 P-value
Intervention time 2231 5.0 10.0 15.0  (11.6 ±10.0) 5.0 8.0 15.0  (10.3 ± 8.5) 0.001
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.
Test used: Wilcoxon test .

Analysis

Modeling factors associated with greater intervention time

  • Time to outcome is skewed and there are repeated observations per participant so an ordinal mixed effects model is used.
Ordinal mixed effects regression model - Odds Ratio
Confidence Interval
Variable Odds Ratio LowerCI UpperCI PValue Visualization
VSP Patient (Ref = No)
Yes 0.8555592 0.7182052 1.0181630 0.079
Clinic (Ref = Movement Disorders)
Amyloidosis 0.6962824 0.4867523 0.9950125 0.047
Autonomics 1.2586000 0.9980020 1.5872453 0.052
Epilepsy 0.7341808 0.5444387 0.9900498 0.043
Inpatient 0.6716620 0.4862657 0.9268162 0.015
Neuromuscular 1.2674411 0.9723884 1.6520220 0.079
Other 3.9590338 0.8994246 17.4266388 0.069
Age
Years 1.0010005 0.9950125 1.0060180 0.833
Rx Insurance (Ref = Commercial)
Medicaid 0.8294437 0.6363542 1.0811227 0.166
Medicare 0.8195499 0.6563901 1.0242903 0.08
None 1.3854154 0.8065414 2.3821418 0.238
Tricare or Other 0.8478937 0.5694980 1.2623815 0.417
ANOVA table
Variable PValue
VSP Patient 0.079116225765269
Clinic <= 0.001
Age 0.832701956309334
Insurance 0.170214505965254

Cost savings

Calculation

  • Medication costs from waste avoidance is estimated by calculating the total costs of medications associated with a follow-up outcome of discontinuation, medication change, or dose change.

  • The cost per unit of each specific medication and dosage is provided by the VSP and then multiplied by the quantity of each medication to calculate the cost of each fill. The total cost savings is then the sum of the costs of the fills.

  • Cost per unit was estimated using three methods: WAC, AWP, and AWP-20%

Results

Costs by outcome
Costs by followup outcome
N
 Discontinued
N=3		 Dose change
N=19		 Combined
N=22		 P-value
Total costs 22 4689 4995 14607  (11199 ±11279) 1472 2289 7788  ( 5229 ± 5156) 1594 4644 8022  ( 6043 ± 6269) 0.28
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.
Test used: Wilcoxon test .
Total costs
Follow-up outcome Total costs
Discontinued 33597.02
Dose change 99343.27
All Outcomes 132940.30
Costs by outcome
Costs by followup outcome
N
 Discontinued
N=3		 Dose change
N=19		 Combined
N=22		 P-value
Total costs 22 6796 7599 18331  (14218 ±12880) 2698 8200 13855  (10161 ± 8164) 3532 7899 14193  (10714 ± 8658) 0.61
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.
Test used: Wilcoxon test .
Total costs
Follow-up outcome Total costs
Discontinued 42655.13
Dose change 193057.65
All Outcomes 235712.78
Costs by outcome
Costs by followup outcome
N
 Discontinued
N=3		 Dose change
N=19		 Combined
N=22		 P-value
Total costs 22 5437 6079 14664  (11375 ±10304) 2158 6560 11084  ( 8129 ± 6531) 2825 6320 11354  ( 8571 ± 6926) 0.61
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.
Test used: Wilcoxon test .
Total costs
Follow-up outcome Total costs
Discontinued 34124.1
Dose change 154446.1
All Outcomes 188570.2

Figure

Appendix

Time of interventions that result in in a recommendation

Intervention recommended and accepted
N
 No
N=7		 Yes
N=385		 Combined
N=392
time 2231 7.5 10.0 10.0  ( 9.3 ± 3.5) 5.0 10.0 20.0  (13.6 ± 9.2) 5.0 10.0 15.0  (10.7 ± 9.1)
a b c represent the lower quartile a, the median b, and the upper quartile c for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD.   N is the number of non-missing values.

Impact score by VSP Status

Impact score by VSP status
N
 No
N=767		 Yes
N=1477		 Combined
N=2244
impact 2244
    Level 1: review only, no intervention needed 17.7% ( 136) 25.7% ( 380) 23.0% ( 516)
    Level 2: quality of life impact, intervention needed 81.4% ( 624) 72.4% (1070) 75.5% (1694)
    Level 3: negative impact on health, intervention needed 0.9% ( 7) 1.8% ( 27) 1.5% ( 34)
    Level 4: ED, hospitalization, or death likely, intervention needed 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0) 0.0% ( 0)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.

Clinics and medications

Medication and clinics
N
 V1
N=741		 P-value
Clinics 741
    Amyloidosis 6.5% ( 48)
    Autonomics 14.8% (110)
    Autonomics, Inpatient 0.1% ( 1)
    Autonomics, Movement disorders 0.1% ( 1)
    Autonomics, Other, Neuromuscular 0.1% ( 1)
    Epilepsy 28.9% (214)
    Epilepsy, Inpatient 0.1% ( 1)
    Inpatient 3.1% ( 23)
    Inpatient, Amyloidosis 0.3% ( 2)
    Movement disorders 37.7% (279)
    Movement disorders, Inpatient 0.3% ( 2)
    Movement disorders, Other 0.1% ( 1)
    Neuromuscular 7.6% ( 56)
    Other 0.3% ( 2)
Medications 741
    Afinitor (Everolimus) 0.8% ( 6)
    Afinitor (Everolimus), Epidiolex 0.1% ( 1)
    Austedo 11.3% ( 84)
    Austedo, Ingrezza 0.1% ( 1)
    Austedo, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.4% ( 3)
    Austedo, Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 0.1% ( 1)
    Epidiolex 26.2% (194)
    Epidiolex, Sabril (vigabatrin) 0.1% ( 1)
    Gocovri 2.8% ( 21)
    Gocovri, Nourianz 0.1% ( 1)
    Gocovri, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.1% ( 1)
    Hizentra 1.6% ( 12)
    Ingrezza 6.1% ( 45)
    Ingrezza, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.1% ( 1)
    Ingrezza, Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 0.3% ( 2)
    Kynmobi 0.8% ( 6)
    Kynmobi, Gocovri 0.1% ( 1)
    Northera (droxidopa) 18.9% (140)
    Northera (droxidopa), Nourianz 0.1% ( 1)
    Northera (droxidopa), Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.7% ( 5)
    Nourianz 0.5% ( 4)
    Nourianz, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.1% ( 1)
    Nuplazid 5.7% ( 42)
    Nuplazid, Northera (droxidopa), Gocovri 0.1% ( 1)
    Nuplazid, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.5% ( 4)
    Other (Non-VSP medication) 2.4% ( 18)
    Other (Non-VSP medication), Austedo 0.3% ( 2)
    Other (Non-VSP medication), Nuplazid 0.1% ( 1)
    Radicava ORS 2.2% ( 16)
    Radicava ORS, Rilutek (riluzole) 0.4% ( 3)
    Radicava ORS, Rilutek (riluzole), Relyvrio 0.1% ( 1)
    Relyvrio 0.7% ( 5)
    Rilutek (riluzole) 2.2% ( 16)
    Rilutek (riluzole), Other (Non-VSP medication), Relyvrio 0.1% ( 1)
    Rilutek (riluzole), Radicava ORS 0.5% ( 4)
    Sabril (vigabatrin) 1.9% ( 14)
    Sabril (vigabatrin), Epidiolex 0.1% ( 1)
    Sabril (vigabatrin), Other (Non-VSP medication), Epidiolex 0.1% ( 1)
    Tegsedi 0.3% ( 2)
    VyndaMAX/VyndaQEL 6.1% ( 45)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 3.8% ( 28)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Austedo 0.3% ( 2)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Ingrezza 0.1% ( 1)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.1% ( 1)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Test used: Pearson test .
Medication and clinics
N
 No
N=230		 Yes
N=511		 P-value
Clinics 741 0.009
    Amyloidosis 9.6% ( 22) 5.1% ( 26)
    Autonomics 17.0% ( 39) 13.9% ( 71)
    Autonomics, Inpatient 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Autonomics, Movement disorders 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Autonomics, Other, Neuromuscular 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Epilepsy 21.7% ( 50) 32.1% (164)
    Epilepsy, Inpatient 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Inpatient 2.2% ( 5) 3.5% ( 18)
    Inpatient, Amyloidosis 0.0% ( 0) 0.4% ( 2)
    Movement disorders 36.1% ( 83) 38.4% (196)
    Movement disorders, Inpatient 0.4% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    Movement disorders, Other 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Neuromuscular 12.6% ( 29) 5.3% ( 27)
    Other 0.4% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
Medications 741 <0.001
    Afinitor (Everolimus) 1.3% ( 3) 0.6% ( 3)
    Afinitor (Everolimus), Epidiolex 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Austedo 14.3% ( 33) 10.0% ( 51)
    Austedo, Ingrezza 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Austedo, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 0.6% ( 3)
    Austedo, Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Epidiolex 19.1% ( 44) 29.4% (150)
    Epidiolex, Sabril (vigabatrin) 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Gocovri 3.0% ( 7) 2.7% ( 14)
    Gocovri, Nourianz 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Gocovri, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Hizentra 4.8% ( 11) 0.2% ( 1)
    Ingrezza 4.8% ( 11) 6.7% ( 34)
    Ingrezza, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Ingrezza, Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 0.4% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    Kynmobi 0.0% ( 0) 1.2% ( 6)
    Kynmobi, Gocovri 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Northera (droxidopa) 18.3% ( 42) 19.2% ( 98)
    Northera (droxidopa), Nourianz 0.4% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
    Northera (droxidopa), Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 1.0% ( 5)
    Nourianz 0.4% ( 1) 0.6% ( 3)
    Nourianz, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Nuplazid 2.2% ( 5) 7.2% ( 37)
    Nuplazid, Northera (droxidopa), Gocovri 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Nuplazid, Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.0% ( 0) 0.8% ( 4)
    Other (Non-VSP medication) 6.5% ( 15) 0.6% ( 3)
    Other (Non-VSP medication), Austedo 0.0% ( 0) 0.4% ( 2)
    Other (Non-VSP medication), Nuplazid 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Radicava ORS 3.0% ( 7) 1.8% ( 9)
    Radicava ORS, Rilutek (riluzole) 0.4% ( 1) 0.4% ( 2)
    Radicava ORS, Rilutek (riluzole), Relyvrio 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Relyvrio 2.2% ( 5) 0.0% ( 0)
    Rilutek (riluzole) 3.0% ( 7) 1.8% ( 9)
    Rilutek (riluzole), Other (Non-VSP medication), Relyvrio 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Rilutek (riluzole), Radicava ORS 0.0% ( 0) 0.8% ( 4)
    Sabril (vigabatrin) 1.3% ( 3) 2.2% ( 11)
    Sabril (vigabatrin), Epidiolex 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Sabril (vigabatrin), Other (Non-VSP medication), Epidiolex 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Tegsedi 0.0% ( 0) 0.4% ( 2)
    VyndaMAX/VyndaQEL 9.6% ( 22) 4.5% ( 23)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine) 3.9% ( 9) 3.7% ( 19)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Austedo 0.4% ( 1) 0.2% ( 1)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Ingrezza 0.0% ( 0) 0.2% ( 1)
    Xenazine (tetrabenazine), Other (Non-VSP medication) 0.4% ( 1) 0.0% ( 0)
N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
Test used: Pearson test .