Multisite Analysis of Pharmacists Actions that lead to Cost Avoidance

1 Study Overview

1.1 Background

The purpose of this study is to evaluate direct cost avoidance from pharmacist interventions that identify inappropriate (ineffective or unsafe) medication use and result in medication discontinuation, dose adjustment, or medication switch (collectively termed medication outcome henceforth).

1.2 Methods

• Prospective multisite cohort study (n = 16)

• Inclusion criteria:

  • Adult and pediatric patients prescribed specialty medications from a health-system (regardless of their filling pharmacy)
  • At least one fill of a specialty medication
  • At least one intervention that led to a medication outcome of interest in the study period (6 months)

• Exclusion criteria:

  • Patients with a medication outcome completed due to non-clinical reason

1.3 Outcomes

The study had three aims. The first aim was to quantify pharmacist interventions that resulted in a discontinuation, switch, or dose/formulation change of a specialty medication. Outcomes for this aim included counts of interventions performed by each medication outcome and intervention reasons.

Secondly, we aimed to estimate the pTC associated with each intervention. The final pTC score for each intervention was analyzed according to medication outcome, intervention reason, and clinical area.

Finally, we approximated direct cost avoidance resulting from pharmacist interventions. Outcomes included the total direct cost avoidance over six months of interventions, median cost avoided per intervention, and median cost avoided by medication outcome, intervention reason, and clinical area.

2 Patient characteristics

2.1 Demographics

Characteristic	N	N = 9901
Site	990
Site 1		379 (38.3%)
Site 2		165 (16.7%)
Site 3		104 (10.5%)
Site 4		83 (8.38%)
Site 5		43 (4.34%)
Site 6		35 (3.54%)
Site 7		26 (2.63%)
Site 8		25 (2.53%)
Site 9		23 (2.32%)
Site 10		22 (2.22%)
Site 11		19 (1.92%)
Site 12		18 (1.82%)
Site 13		16 (1.62%)
Site 14		16 (1.62%)
Site 15		9 (0.91%)
Site 16		7 (0.71%)
Sex	990
Female		591 (59.7%)
Male		397 (40.1%)
Nonbinary		1 (0.10%)
Decline to Answer/Unknow		1 (0.10%)
Race	990
White		753 (76.1%)
Black		136 (13.7%)
Other		34 (3.43%)
Decline to Answer/Unknown		34 (3.43%)
Asian		27 (2.73%)
American Indian or Alaska Native		6 (0.61%)
Ethnicity	990
Not Hispanic		681 (68.8%)
Decline to Answer/Unknown		140 (14.1%)
Other		116 (11.7%)
Hispanic		53 (5.35%)
1 n (%)

2.2 Aggregated demographics

Characteristic	N	N = 9901
Number of interventions	990
1		960 (97.0%)
2		25 (2.53%)
3		3 (0.30%)
5		1 (0.10%)
9		1 (0.10%)
Number of interventions with PTc > 0	990
1		628 (63.4%)
0		339 (34.2%)
2		18 (1.82%)
3		3 (0.30%)
5		1 (0.10%)
8		1 (0.10%)
Number of interventions with PTc = 0	990
0		647 (65.4%)
1		339 (34.2%)
2		4 (0.40%)
Age at first intervention	990
Mean (SD)		53.1 (20.3)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		57.0 (39.0 - 69.0)
Min - Max		0.0 - 94.0
Aggregated insurance type	976
Commercial		362 (37.1%)
Medicare D		335 (34.3%)
Medicaid		173 (17.7%)
Unknown		72 (7.38%)
Medicare B		14 (1.43%)
Other		13 (1.33%)
Multiple		3 (0.31%)
Cash pay		2 (0.20%)
Tricare		2 (0.20%)
Missing		14
Aggregated pharmacy type	990
HSSP		891 (90.0%)
non-HSSP		97 (9.80%)
Both		2 (0.20%)
Aggregated clinical area	990
Rheumatology		171 (17.3%)
Oncology		159 (16.1%)
Other neurology		138 (13.9%)
IBD		95 (9.60%)
Dermatology		89 (8.99%)
Other		64 (6.46%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		58 (5.86%)
Adult Endocrinology		53 (5.35%)
Other pulmonary		41 (4.14%)
Hematology		32 (3.23%)
Multiple Sclerosis		32 (3.23%)
Transplant		16 (1.62%)
Hepatology		14 (1.41%)
Pediatric endocrinology		9 (0.91%)
HIV		8 (0.81%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		5 (0.51%)
Cystic fibrosis		3 (0.30%)
Bleeding Disorders		1 (0.10%)
Hepatitis C		1 (0.10%)
Multiple		1 (0.10%)
1 n (%)

2.2.1 Number of interventions by pharmacy type

Characteristic	N	Aggregated pharmacy type
		Both N = 21	HSSP N = 8911	non-HSSP N = 971
Number of interventions	990
1		0 (0%)	865 (97.1%)	95 (97.9%)
2		1 (50.0%)	22 (2.47%)	2 (2.06%)
3		1 (50.0%)	2 (0.22%)	0 (0%)
5		0 (0%)	1 (0.11%)	0 (0%)
9		0 (0%)	1 (0.11%)	0 (0%)
Number of interventions with PTc > 0	990
0		0 (0%)	293 (32.9%)	46 (47.4%)
1		0 (0%)	578 (64.9%)	50 (51.5%)
2		1 (50.0%)	16 (1.80%)	1 (1.03%)
3		1 (50.0%)	2 (0.22%)	0 (0%)
5		0 (0%)	1 (0.11%)	0 (0%)
8		0 (0%)	1 (0.11%)	0 (0%)
Number of interventions with PTc = 0	990
0		2 (100.0%)	595 (66.8%)	50 (51.5%)
1		0 (0%)	292 (32.8%)	47 (48.5%)
2		0 (0%)	4 (0.45%)	0 (0%)
1 n (%)

3 Intervention information

3.1 Patient characteristics

Characteristic	N	Dichotomized PTc		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 3471	PTc > 0 N = 6861
age	1,033
Mean (SD)		50.6 (19.4)	54.7 (20.4)	53.3 (20.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		52.0 (35.0 - 66.0)	59.0 (42.0 - 70.0)	57.0 (40.0 - 70.0)
Min - Max		0.1 - 88.0	0.0 - 94.0	0.0 - 94.0
Age category	1,033
Age >= 18		329 (94.8%)	639 (93.1%)	968 (93.7%)
Age < 18		18 (5.19%)	47 (6.85%)	65 (6.29%)
Sex	1,033
Female		204 (58.8%)	413 (60.2%)	617 (59.7%)
Male		143 (41.2%)	271 (39.5%)	414 (40.1%)
Nonbinary		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Decline to Answer/Unknow		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Race	1,033
White		258 (74.4%)	528 (77.0%)	786 (76.1%)
Black		47 (13.5%)	94 (13.7%)	141 (13.6%)
Decline to Answer/Unknown		13 (3.75%)	25 (3.64%)	38 (3.68%)
Other		15 (4.32%)	19 (2.77%)	34 (3.29%)
Asian		11 (3.17%)	17 (2.48%)	28 (2.71%)
American Indian or Alaska Native		3 (0.86%)	3 (0.44%)	6 (0.58%)
Ethnicity	1,033
Not Hispanic		229 (66.0%)	472 (68.8%)	701 (67.9%)
Decline to Answer/Unknown		57 (16.4%)	99 (14.4%)	156 (15.1%)
Other		39 (11.2%)	82 (12.0%)	121 (11.7%)
Hispanic		22 (6.34%)	33 (4.81%)	55 (5.32%)
Site	1,033
Site 1		155 (44.7%)	258 (37.6%)	413 (40.0%)
Site 2		73 (21.0%)	95 (13.8%)	168 (16.3%)
Site 3		56 (16.1%)	49 (7.14%)	105 (10.2%)
Site 4		8 (2.31%)	75 (10.9%)	83 (8.03%)
Site 5		1 (0.29%)	42 (6.12%)	43 (4.16%)
Site 6		6 (1.73%)	29 (4.23%)	35 (3.39%)
Site 7		23 (6.63%)	6 (0.87%)	29 (2.81%)
Site 8		0 (0%)	26 (3.79%)	26 (2.52%)
Site 9		6 (1.73%)	17 (2.48%)	23 (2.23%)
Site 10		1 (0.29%)	21 (3.06%)	22 (2.13%)
Site 11		13 (3.75%)	6 (0.87%)	19 (1.84%)
Site 12		0 (0%)	18 (2.62%)	18 (1.74%)
Site 14		1 (0.29%)	16 (2.33%)	17 (1.65%)
Site 13		1 (0.29%)	15 (2.19%)	16 (1.55%)
Site 15		2 (0.58%)	7 (1.02%)	9 (0.87%)
Site 16		1 (0.29%)	6 (0.87%)	7 (0.68%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (86.5%)	632 (92.1%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		47 (13.5%)	54 (7.87%)	101 (9.78%)
Pharmacy insurance at the time the intervention was completed	1,019
Commercial		132 (38.8%)	240 (35.3%)	372 (36.5%)
Medicare D		93 (27.4%)	269 (39.6%)	362 (35.5%)
Medicaid		70 (20.6%)	104 (15.3%)	174 (17.1%)
Unknown		43 (12.6%)	34 (5.01%)	77 (7.56%)
Medicare B		0 (0%)	14 (2.06%)	14 (1.37%)
Other		1 (0.29%)	13 (1.91%)	14 (1.37%)
Tricare		1 (0.29%)	3 (0.44%)	4 (0.39%)
Cash pay		0 (0%)	2 (0.29%)	2 (0.20%)
Missing		7	7	14
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (20.2%)	104 (15.2%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		38 (11.0%)	127 (18.5%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		31 (8.93%)	131 (19.1%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		55 (15.9%)	44 (6.41%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		23 (6.63%)	66 (9.62%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		29 (8.36%)	36 (5.25%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (5.76%)	39 (5.69%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (8.07%)	26 (3.79%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		19 (5.48%)	24 (3.50%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (2.59%)	25 (3.64%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		5 (1.44%)	27 (3.94%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		4 (1.15%)	12 (1.75%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		5 (1.44%)	9 (1.31%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.44%)	4 (0.58%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.58%)	6 (0.87%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (1.15%)	1 (0.15%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	3 (0.44%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Other clinical area	65
Cardiology		13 (44.8%)	7 (19.4%)	20 (30.8%)
Infusion		11 (37.9%)	4 (11.1%)	15 (23.1%)
CMV		0 (0%)	5 (13.9%)	5 (7.69%)
hyperlipidemia		0 (0%)	4 (11.1%)	4 (6.15%)
Peds Hemophilia		0 (0%)	4 (11.1%)	4 (6.15%)
Peds Neurology		2 (6.90%)	2 (5.56%)	4 (6.15%)
ILD		1 (3.45%)	2 (5.56%)	3 (4.62%)
Psychiatry		0 (0%)	3 (8.33%)	3 (4.62%)
Peds Rheum		2 (6.90%)	0 (0%)	2 (3.08%)
Rare Disease - General		0 (0%)	2 (5.56%)	2 (3.08%)
Cardiology		0 (0%)	1 (2.78%)	1 (1.54%)
infantile hemagioma		0 (0%)	1 (2.78%)	1 (1.54%)
Uveitis		0 (0%)	1 (2.78%)	1 (1.54%)
Missing		318	650	968
1 n (%)

3.2 Intervention characteristics

Overall

Characteristic	N	Dichotomized PTc		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 3471	PTc > 0 N = 6861
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (17.0%)	185 (27.0%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (21.6%)	161 (23.5%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		63 (18.2%)	157 (22.9%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		117 (33.7%)	65 (9.48%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		14 (4.03%)	62 (9.04%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (4.90%)	43 (6.27%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	12 (1.75%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.58%)	1 (0.15%)	3 (0.29%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (50.4%)	237 (34.5%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		79 (22.8%)	321 (46.8%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (26.8%)	128 (18.7%)	221 (21.4%)
Dose change direction	401
Decrease		34 (43.0%)	151 (46.9%)	185 (46.1%)
Increase		38 (48.1%)	141 (43.8%)	179 (44.6%)
Package size/formulation change		7 (8.86%)	30 (9.32%)	37 (9.23%)
Missing		268	364	632
1 n (%)

Stratifed by reason

Characteristic	N	Intervention reason								Overall N = 1,0331
		Adherence N = 761	Affordability N = 1821	Drug interaction N = 121	Adverse drug effect N = 2361	Allergy N = 31	Therapeutic monitoring for safety N = 601	Effectiveness N = 2201	Regimen appropriateness N = 2441
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		37 (48.7%)	168 (92.3%)	2 (16.7%)	85 (36.0%)	1 (33.3%)	7 (11.7%)	63 (28.6%)	49 (20.1%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		27 (35.5%)	9 (4.95%)	10 (83.3%)	66 (28.0%)	0 (0%)	42 (70.0%)	135 (61.4%)	111 (45.5%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		12 (15.8%)	5 (2.75%)	0 (0%)	85 (36.0%)	2 (66.7%)	11 (18.3%)	22 (10.0%)	84 (34.4%)	221 (21.4%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		70 (92.1%)	147 (80.8%)	12 (100.0%)	220 (93.2%)	3 (100.0%)	56 (93.3%)	196 (89.1%)	228 (93.4%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		6 (7.89%)	35 (19.2%)	0 (0%)	16 (6.78%)	0 (0%)	4 (6.67%)	24 (10.9%)	16 (6.56%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		15 (19.7%)	67 (36.8%)	0 (0%)	28 (11.9%)	0 (0%)	3 (5.00%)	45 (20.5%)	16 (6.56%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		6 (7.89%)	12 (6.59%)	2 (16.7%)	45 (19.1%)	2 (66.7%)	10 (16.7%)	79 (35.9%)	9 (3.69%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		4 (5.26%)	10 (5.49%)	6 (50.0%)	37 (15.7%)	1 (33.3%)	15 (25.0%)	15 (6.82%)	74 (30.3%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		6 (7.89%)	44 (24.2%)	1 (8.33%)	5 (2.12%)	0 (0%)	4 (6.67%)	25 (11.4%)	14 (5.74%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		12 (15.8%)	16 (8.79%)	0 (0%)	20 (8.47%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	16 (7.27%)	25 (10.2%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		3 (3.95%)	3 (1.65%)	0 (0%)	21 (8.90%)	0 (0%)	8 (13.3%)	10 (4.55%)	20 (8.20%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		19 (25.0%)	1 (0.55%)	0 (0%)	6 (2.54%)	0 (0%)	4 (6.67%)	14 (6.36%)	15 (6.15%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		2 (2.63%)	7 (3.85%)	0 (0%)	15 (6.36%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	6 (2.73%)	24 (9.84%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		5 (6.58%)	3 (1.65%)	0 (0%)	27 (11.4%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.67%)	0 (0%)	7 (2.87%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		0 (0%)	8 (4.40%)	0 (0%)	20 (8.47%)	0 (0%)	2 (3.33%)	1 (0.45%)	3 (1.23%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		0 (0%)	1 (0.55%)	3 (25.0%)	5 (2.12%)	0 (0%)	4 (6.67%)	3 (1.36%)	16 (6.56%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (0.85%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.67%)	0 (0%)	13 (5.33%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		1 (1.32%)	3 (1.65%)	0 (0%)	2 (0.85%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.67%)	2 (0.91%)	5 (2.05%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		1 (1.32%)	2 (1.10%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	4 (6.67%)	2 (0.91%)	0 (0%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		0 (0%)	2 (1.10%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	3 (5.00%)	0 (0%)	2 (0.82%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		1 (1.32%)	3 (1.65%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.45%)	0 (0%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		1 (1.32%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.45%)	0 (0%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.41%)	1 (0.10%)
1 n (%)

Stratifed by outcome

Characteristic	N	Intervention outcome			Overall N = 1,0331
		Medication discontinuation N = 2211	Medication switch N = 4121	Medication dose change N = 4001
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		84 (38.0%)	49 (11.9%)	111 (27.8%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		85 (38.5%)	85 (20.6%)	66 (16.5%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		22 (9.95%)	63 (15.3%)	135 (33.8%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		5 (2.26%)	168 (40.8%)	9 (2.25%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		12 (5.43%)	37 (8.98%)	27 (6.75%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		11 (4.98%)	7 (1.70%)	42 (10.5%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	2 (0.49%)	10 (2.50%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.90%)	1 (0.24%)	0 (0%)	3 (0.29%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		209 (94.6%)	352 (85.4%)	371 (92.8%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		12 (5.43%)	60 (14.6%)	29 (7.25%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		18 (8.14%)	117 (28.4%)	39 (9.75%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		28 (12.7%)	43 (10.4%)	94 (23.5%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		56 (25.3%)	18 (4.37%)	88 (22.0%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		6 (2.71%)	64 (15.5%)	29 (7.25%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		17 (7.69%)	49 (11.9%)	23 (5.75%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		20 (9.05%)	21 (5.10%)	24 (6.00%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		10 (4.52%)	16 (3.88%)	33 (8.25%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		20 (9.05%)	29 (7.04%)	5 (1.25%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		9 (4.07%)	19 (4.61%)	15 (3.75%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		17 (7.69%)	13 (3.16%)	4 (1.00%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		9 (4.07%)	2 (0.49%)	21 (5.25%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		2 (0.90%)	2 (0.49%)	12 (3.00%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		7 (3.17%)	4 (0.97%)	3 (0.75%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		0 (0%)	3 (0.73%)	6 (1.50%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		0 (0%)	6 (1.46%)	2 (0.50%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		2 (0.90%)	3 (0.73%)	0 (0%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	2 (0.49%)	1 (0.25%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (0.24%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.25%)	1 (0.10%)
1 n (%)

Stratifed by pharmacy type

Characteristic	N	Pharmacy filling medication most recently		p-value2	Overall N = 1,0331
		HSSP N = 9321	non-HSSP N = 1011
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		228 (24.5%)	16 (15.8%)		244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		220 (23.6%)	16 (15.8%)		236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		196 (21.0%)	24 (23.8%)		220 (21.3%)
Affordability		147 (15.8%)	35 (34.7%)		182 (17.6%)
Adherence		70 (7.51%)	6 (5.94%)		76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		56 (6.01%)	4 (3.96%)		60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		12 (1.29%)	0 (0%)		12 (1.16%)
Allergy		3 (0.32%)	0 (0%)		3 (0.29%)
Intervention outcome	1,033			<0.001
Medication switch		352 (37.8%)	60 (59.4%)		412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		371 (39.8%)	29 (28.7%)		400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		209 (22.4%)	12 (11.9%)		221 (21.4%)
1 n (%)
2 NA; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

By age category

Characteristic	N	Age category		p-value2	Overall N = 1,0331
		Age < 18 N = 651	Age >= 18 N = 9681
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		17 (26.2%)	227 (23.5%)		244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		3 (4.62%)	233 (24.1%)		236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		13 (20.0%)	207 (21.4%)		220 (21.3%)
Affordability		7 (10.8%)	175 (18.1%)		182 (17.6%)
Adherence		12 (18.5%)	64 (6.61%)		76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		13 (20.0%)	47 (4.86%)		60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	12 (1.24%)		12 (1.16%)
Allergy		0 (0%)	3 (0.31%)		3 (0.29%)
Intervention outcome	1,033			<0.001
Medication switch		14 (21.5%)	398 (41.1%)		412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		46 (70.8%)	354 (36.6%)		400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		5 (7.69%)	216 (22.3%)		221 (21.4%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033			0.148
HSSP		62 (95.4%)	870 (89.9%)		932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		3 (4.62%)	98 (10.1%)		101 (9.78%)
1 n (%)
2 NA; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Figure - Intervention reasons tile plot

3.3 Probability of Trajectory Change Scoring

Characteristic	N	Intervention outcome			Overall N = 1,0331
		Medication discontinuation N = 2211	Medication switch N = 4121	Medication dose change N = 4001
pTC site evaluation	1,033
0- Highly UNLIKELY the medication use trajectory changed as a result of the pharmacist		87 (39.4%)	151 (36.7%)	75 (18.8%)	313 (30.3%)
0.25		29 (13.1%)	84 (20.4%)	55 (13.8%)	168 (16.3%)
0.5		43 (19.5%)	86 (20.9%)	108 (27.0%)	237 (22.9%)
0.75		37 (16.7%)	77 (18.7%)	112 (28.0%)	226 (21.9%)
1.0- Highly LIKELY the medication use trajectory changed as a result of the pharmacist		25 (11.3%)	14 (3.40%)	50 (12.5%)	89 (8.62%)
pTC final	1,033
0- Highly UNLIKELY the medication use trajectory changed as a result of the pharmacist		93 (42.1%)	175 (42.5%)	79 (19.8%)	347 (33.6%)
0.25		22 (9.95%)	71 (17.2%)	42 (10.5%)	135 (13.1%)
0.5		43 (19.5%)	78 (18.9%)	119 (29.8%)	240 (23.2%)
0.75		21 (9.50%)	56 (13.6%)	70 (17.5%)	147 (14.2%)
1.0- Highly LIKELY the medication use trajectory changed as a result of the pharmacist		42 (19.0%)	32 (7.77%)	90 (22.5%)	164 (15.9%)
Exclude		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
1 n (%)

3.4 PTC Figures

Bar chart

Stacked bar chart

First and Final score

4 Cost analysis

4.1 Summary by PTc final

Final PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc Final					Overall N = 1,0331
		0 N = 3471	0.25 N = 1351	0.5 N = 2401	0.75 N = 1471	1 N = 1641
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (86.5%)	122 (90.4%)	226 (94.2%)	138 (93.9%)	146 (89.0%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		47 (13.5%)	13 (9.63%)	14 (5.83%)	9 (6.12%)	18 (11.0%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (20.2%)	31 (23.0%)	34 (14.2%)	21 (14.3%)	18 (11.0%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		38 (11.0%)	27 (20.0%)	54 (22.5%)	37 (25.2%)	9 (5.49%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		31 (8.93%)	14 (10.4%)	46 (19.2%)	21 (14.3%)	50 (30.5%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		55 (15.9%)	11 (8.15%)	15 (6.25%)	8 (5.44%)	10 (6.10%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		23 (6.63%)	11 (8.15%)	26 (10.8%)	15 (10.2%)	14 (8.54%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		29 (8.36%)	3 (2.22%)	10 (4.17%)	13 (8.84%)	10 (6.10%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (5.76%)	7 (5.19%)	21 (8.75%)	7 (4.76%)	4 (2.44%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (8.07%)	9 (6.67%)	9 (3.75%)	1 (0.68%)	7 (4.27%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		19 (5.48%)	6 (4.44%)	4 (1.67%)	6 (4.08%)	8 (4.88%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (2.59%)	7 (5.19%)	7 (2.92%)	6 (4.08%)	5 (3.05%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		5 (1.44%)	3 (2.22%)	8 (3.33%)	3 (2.04%)	13 (7.93%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		4 (1.15%)	4 (2.96%)	2 (0.83%)	0 (0%)	6 (3.66%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		5 (1.44%)	1 (0.74%)	1 (0.42%)	2 (1.36%)	5 (3.05%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.44%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	3 (2.04%)	0 (0%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.58%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	3 (2.04%)	3 (1.83%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (1.15%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	1 (0.74%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (1.22%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.68%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (50.4%)	71 (52.6%)	78 (32.5%)	56 (38.1%)	32 (19.5%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		79 (22.8%)	42 (31.1%)	119 (49.6%)	70 (47.6%)	90 (54.9%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (26.8%)	22 (16.3%)	43 (17.9%)	21 (14.3%)	42 (25.6%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (17.0%)	28 (20.7%)	61 (25.4%)	19 (12.9%)	77 (47.0%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (21.6%)	35 (25.9%)	53 (22.1%)	52 (35.4%)	21 (12.8%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		63 (18.2%)	27 (20.0%)	63 (26.3%)	36 (24.5%)	31 (18.9%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		117 (33.7%)	28 (20.7%)	16 (6.67%)	17 (11.6%)	4 (2.44%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		14 (4.03%)	12 (8.89%)	32 (13.3%)	10 (6.80%)	8 (4.88%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (4.90%)	4 (2.96%)	12 (5.00%)	5 (3.40%)	22 (13.4%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	1 (0.74%)	3 (1.25%)	8 (5.44%)	0 (0%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.58%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.61%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc Final					Overall N = 1,0331
		0 N = 3471	0.25 N = 1351	0.5 N = 2401	0.75 N = 1471	1 N = 1641
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (32.2%)	122 (13.1%)	226 (24.2%)	138 (14.8%)	146 (15.7%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		47 (46.5%)	13 (12.9%)	14 (13.9%)	9 (8.91%)	18 (17.8%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (40.2%)	31 (17.8%)	34 (19.5%)	21 (12.1%)	18 (10.3%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		38 (23.0%)	27 (16.4%)	54 (32.7%)	37 (22.4%)	9 (5.45%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		31 (19.1%)	14 (8.64%)	46 (28.4%)	21 (13.0%)	50 (30.9%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		55 (55.6%)	11 (11.1%)	15 (15.2%)	8 (8.08%)	10 (10.1%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		23 (25.8%)	11 (12.4%)	26 (29.2%)	15 (16.9%)	14 (15.7%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		29 (44.6%)	3 (4.62%)	10 (15.4%)	13 (20.0%)	10 (15.4%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (33.9%)	7 (11.9%)	21 (35.6%)	7 (11.9%)	4 (6.78%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (51.9%)	9 (16.7%)	9 (16.7%)	1 (1.85%)	7 (13.0%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		19 (44.2%)	6 (14.0%)	4 (9.30%)	6 (14.0%)	8 (18.6%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (26.5%)	7 (20.6%)	7 (20.6%)	6 (17.6%)	5 (14.7%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		5 (15.6%)	3 (9.38%)	8 (25.0%)	3 (9.38%)	13 (40.6%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)	0 (0%)	6 (37.5%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		5 (35.7%)	1 (7.14%)	1 (7.14%)	2 (14.3%)	5 (35.7%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (55.6%)	0 (0%)	1 (11.1%)	3 (33.3%)	0 (0%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		2 (25.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	3 (37.5%)	3 (37.5%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (80.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (20.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (42.5%)	71 (17.2%)	78 (18.9%)	56 (13.6%)	32 (7.77%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		79 (19.8%)	42 (10.5%)	119 (29.8%)	70 (17.5%)	90 (22.5%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (42.1%)	22 (9.95%)	43 (19.5%)	21 (9.50%)	42 (19.0%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (24.2%)	28 (11.5%)	61 (25.0%)	19 (7.79%)	77 (31.6%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (31.8%)	35 (14.8%)	53 (22.5%)	52 (22.0%)	21 (8.90%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		63 (28.6%)	27 (12.3%)	63 (28.6%)	36 (16.4%)	31 (14.1%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		117 (64.3%)	28 (15.4%)	16 (8.79%)	17 (9.34%)	4 (2.20%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		14 (18.4%)	12 (15.8%)	32 (42.1%)	10 (13.2%)	8 (10.5%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (28.3%)	4 (6.67%)	12 (20.0%)	5 (8.33%)	22 (36.7%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	1 (8.33%)	3 (25.0%)	8 (66.7%)	0 (0%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		2 (66.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

Dichotomized PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc Final		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 3471	PTc > 0 N = 6861
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (86.5%)	632 (92.1%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		47 (13.5%)	54 (7.87%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (20.2%)	104 (15.2%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		38 (11.0%)	127 (18.5%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		31 (8.93%)	131 (19.1%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		55 (15.9%)	44 (6.41%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		23 (6.63%)	66 (9.62%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		29 (8.36%)	36 (5.25%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (5.76%)	39 (5.69%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (8.07%)	26 (3.79%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		19 (5.48%)	24 (3.50%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (2.59%)	25 (3.64%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		5 (1.44%)	27 (3.94%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		4 (1.15%)	12 (1.75%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		5 (1.44%)	9 (1.31%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.44%)	4 (0.58%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.58%)	6 (0.87%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (1.15%)	1 (0.15%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	3 (0.44%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	1 (0.15%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (50.4%)	237 (34.5%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		79 (22.8%)	321 (46.8%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (26.8%)	128 (18.7%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (17.0%)	185 (27.0%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (21.6%)	161 (23.5%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		63 (18.2%)	157 (22.9%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		117 (33.7%)	65 (9.48%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		14 (4.03%)	62 (9.04%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (4.90%)	43 (6.27%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	12 (1.75%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.58%)	1 (0.15%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc Final		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 3471	PTc > 0 N = 6861
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (32.2%)	632 (67.8%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		47 (46.5%)	54 (53.5%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (40.2%)	104 (59.8%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		38 (23.0%)	127 (77.0%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		31 (19.1%)	131 (80.9%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		55 (55.6%)	44 (44.4%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		23 (25.8%)	66 (74.2%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		29 (44.6%)	36 (55.4%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (33.9%)	39 (66.1%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (51.9%)	26 (48.1%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		19 (44.2%)	24 (55.8%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (26.5%)	25 (73.5%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		5 (15.6%)	27 (84.4%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		4 (25.0%)	12 (75.0%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		5 (35.7%)	9 (64.3%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (55.6%)	4 (44.4%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		2 (25.0%)	6 (75.0%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (80.0%)	1 (20.0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	3 (100.0%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (42.5%)	237 (57.5%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		79 (19.8%)	321 (80.3%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (42.1%)	128 (57.9%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (24.2%)	185 (75.8%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (31.8%)	161 (68.2%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		63 (28.6%)	157 (71.4%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		117 (64.3%)	65 (35.7%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		14 (18.4%)	62 (81.6%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (28.3%)	43 (71.7%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	12 (100.0%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		2 (66.7%)	1 (33.3%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

Sensitivity lower bound PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc lower bound				Overall N = 1,0331
		0 N = 4821	0.25 N = 2401	0.5 N = 1471	0.75 N = 1641
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		422 (87.6%)	226 (94.2%)	138 (93.9%)	146 (89.0%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		60 (12.4%)	14 (5.83%)	9 (6.12%)	18 (11.0%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		101 (21.0%)	34 (14.2%)	21 (14.3%)	18 (11.0%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		65 (13.5%)	54 (22.5%)	37 (25.2%)	9 (5.49%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		45 (9.34%)	46 (19.2%)	21 (14.3%)	50 (30.5%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		66 (13.7%)	15 (6.25%)	8 (5.44%)	10 (6.10%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		34 (7.05%)	26 (10.8%)	15 (10.2%)	14 (8.54%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		32 (6.64%)	10 (4.17%)	13 (8.84%)	10 (6.10%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		27 (5.60%)	21 (8.75%)	7 (4.76%)	4 (2.44%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		37 (7.68%)	9 (3.75%)	1 (0.68%)	7 (4.27%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		25 (5.19%)	4 (1.67%)	6 (4.08%)	8 (4.88%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		16 (3.32%)	7 (2.92%)	6 (4.08%)	5 (3.05%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		8 (1.66%)	8 (3.33%)	3 (2.04%)	13 (7.93%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		8 (1.66%)	2 (0.83%)	0 (0%)	6 (3.66%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		6 (1.24%)	1 (0.42%)	2 (1.36%)	5 (3.05%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.04%)	1 (0.42%)	3 (2.04%)	0 (0%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.41%)	0 (0%)	3 (2.04%)	3 (1.83%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (0.83%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		1 (0.21%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (1.22%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.68%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		246 (51.0%)	78 (32.5%)	56 (38.1%)	32 (19.5%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		121 (25.1%)	119 (49.6%)	70 (47.6%)	90 (54.9%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		115 (23.9%)	43 (17.9%)	21 (14.3%)	42 (25.6%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		87 (18.0%)	61 (25.4%)	19 (12.9%)	77 (47.0%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		110 (22.8%)	53 (22.1%)	52 (35.4%)	21 (12.8%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		90 (18.7%)	63 (26.3%)	36 (24.5%)	31 (18.9%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		145 (30.1%)	16 (6.67%)	17 (11.6%)	4 (2.44%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		26 (5.39%)	32 (13.3%)	10 (6.80%)	8 (4.88%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		21 (4.36%)	12 (5.00%)	5 (3.40%)	22 (13.4%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		1 (0.21%)	3 (1.25%)	8 (5.44%)	0 (0%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.41%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.61%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc lower bound				Overall N = 1,0331
		0 N = 4821	0.25 N = 2401	0.5 N = 1471	0.75 N = 1641
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		422 (45.3%)	226 (24.2%)	138 (14.8%)	146 (15.7%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		60 (59.4%)	14 (13.9%)	9 (8.91%)	18 (17.8%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		101 (58.0%)	34 (19.5%)	21 (12.1%)	18 (10.3%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		65 (39.4%)	54 (32.7%)	37 (22.4%)	9 (5.45%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		45 (27.8%)	46 (28.4%)	21 (13.0%)	50 (30.9%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		66 (66.7%)	15 (15.2%)	8 (8.08%)	10 (10.1%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		34 (38.2%)	26 (29.2%)	15 (16.9%)	14 (15.7%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		32 (49.2%)	10 (15.4%)	13 (20.0%)	10 (15.4%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		27 (45.8%)	21 (35.6%)	7 (11.9%)	4 (6.78%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		37 (68.5%)	9 (16.7%)	1 (1.85%)	7 (13.0%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		25 (58.1%)	4 (9.30%)	6 (14.0%)	8 (18.6%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		16 (47.1%)	7 (20.6%)	6 (17.6%)	5 (14.7%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		8 (25.0%)	8 (25.0%)	3 (9.38%)	13 (40.6%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		8 (50.0%)	2 (12.5%)	0 (0%)	6 (37.5%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		6 (42.9%)	1 (7.14%)	2 (14.3%)	5 (35.7%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (55.6%)	1 (11.1%)	3 (33.3%)	0 (0%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		2 (25.0%)	0 (0%)	3 (37.5%)	3 (37.5%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (80.0%)	1 (20.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		1 (33.3%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		246 (59.7%)	78 (18.9%)	56 (13.6%)	32 (7.77%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		121 (30.3%)	119 (29.8%)	70 (17.5%)	90 (22.5%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		115 (52.0%)	43 (19.5%)	21 (9.50%)	42 (19.0%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		87 (35.7%)	61 (25.0%)	19 (7.79%)	77 (31.6%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		110 (46.6%)	53 (22.5%)	52 (22.0%)	21 (8.90%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		90 (40.9%)	63 (28.6%)	36 (16.4%)	31 (14.1%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		145 (79.7%)	16 (8.79%)	17 (9.34%)	4 (2.20%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		26 (34.2%)	32 (42.1%)	10 (13.2%)	8 (10.5%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		21 (35.0%)	12 (20.0%)	5 (8.33%)	22 (36.7%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		1 (8.33%)	3 (25.0%)	8 (66.7%)	0 (0%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		2 (66.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

Dichotomized lower bound PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc lower bound		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 4821	PTc > 0 N = 5511
PTC final sensitivity lower bound	1,033
0		482 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	482 (46.7%)
0.25		0 (0%)	240 (43.6%)	240 (23.2%)
0.75		0 (0%)	164 (29.8%)	164 (15.9%)
0.5		0 (0%)	147 (26.7%)	147 (14.2%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		422 (87.6%)	510 (92.6%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		60 (12.4%)	41 (7.44%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		101 (21.0%)	73 (13.2%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		65 (13.5%)	100 (18.1%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		45 (9.34%)	117 (21.2%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		66 (13.7%)	33 (5.99%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		34 (7.05%)	55 (9.98%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		32 (6.64%)	33 (5.99%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		27 (5.60%)	32 (5.81%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		37 (7.68%)	17 (3.09%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		25 (5.19%)	18 (3.27%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		16 (3.32%)	18 (3.27%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		8 (1.66%)	24 (4.36%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		8 (1.66%)	8 (1.45%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		6 (1.24%)	8 (1.45%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.04%)	4 (0.73%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.41%)	6 (1.09%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (0.83%)	1 (0.18%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		1 (0.21%)	2 (0.36%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (0.18%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	1 (0.18%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		246 (51.0%)	166 (30.1%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		121 (25.1%)	279 (50.6%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		115 (23.9%)	106 (19.2%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		87 (18.0%)	157 (28.5%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		110 (22.8%)	126 (22.9%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		90 (18.7%)	130 (23.6%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		145 (30.1%)	37 (6.72%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		26 (5.39%)	50 (9.07%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		21 (4.36%)	39 (7.08%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		1 (0.21%)	11 (2.00%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.41%)	1 (0.18%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc lower bound		Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc = 0 N = 4821	PTc > 0 N = 5511
PTC final sensitivity lower bound	1,033
0		482 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	482 (100.0%)
0.25		0 (0%)	240 (100.0%)	240 (100.0%)
0.75		0 (0%)	164 (100.0%)	164 (100.0%)
0.5		0 (0%)	147 (100.0%)	147 (100.0%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		422 (45.3%)	510 (54.7%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		60 (59.4%)	41 (40.6%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		101 (58.0%)	73 (42.0%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		65 (39.4%)	100 (60.6%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		45 (27.8%)	117 (72.2%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		66 (66.7%)	33 (33.3%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		34 (38.2%)	55 (61.8%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		32 (49.2%)	33 (50.8%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		27 (45.8%)	32 (54.2%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		37 (68.5%)	17 (31.5%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		25 (58.1%)	18 (41.9%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		16 (47.1%)	18 (52.9%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		8 (25.0%)	24 (75.0%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		8 (50.0%)	8 (50.0%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		6 (42.9%)	8 (57.1%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (55.6%)	4 (44.4%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		2 (25.0%)	6 (75.0%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (80.0%)	1 (20.0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		246 (59.7%)	166 (40.3%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		121 (30.3%)	279 (69.8%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		115 (52.0%)	106 (48.0%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		87 (35.7%)	157 (64.3%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		110 (46.6%)	126 (53.4%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		90 (40.9%)	130 (59.1%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		145 (79.7%)	37 (20.3%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		26 (34.2%)	50 (65.8%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		21 (35.0%)	39 (65.0%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		1 (8.33%)	11 (91.7%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		2 (66.7%)	1 (33.3%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

Sensitivity upper bound PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc upper bound				Overall N = 1,0331
		0.25 N = 3471	0.5 N = 1351	0.75 N = 2401	1 N = 3111
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (86.5%)	122 (90.4%)	226 (94.2%)	284 (91.3%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		47 (13.5%)	13 (9.63%)	14 (5.83%)	27 (8.68%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (20.2%)	31 (23.0%)	34 (14.2%)	39 (12.5%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		38 (11.0%)	27 (20.0%)	54 (22.5%)	46 (14.8%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		31 (8.93%)	14 (10.4%)	46 (19.2%)	71 (22.8%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		55 (15.9%)	11 (8.15%)	15 (6.25%)	18 (5.79%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		23 (6.63%)	11 (8.15%)	26 (10.8%)	29 (9.32%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		29 (8.36%)	3 (2.22%)	10 (4.17%)	23 (7.40%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (5.76%)	7 (5.19%)	21 (8.75%)	11 (3.54%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (8.07%)	9 (6.67%)	9 (3.75%)	8 (2.57%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		19 (5.48%)	6 (4.44%)	4 (1.67%)	14 (4.50%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (2.59%)	7 (5.19%)	7 (2.92%)	11 (3.54%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		5 (1.44%)	3 (2.22%)	8 (3.33%)	16 (5.14%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		4 (1.15%)	4 (2.96%)	2 (0.83%)	6 (1.93%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		5 (1.44%)	1 (0.74%)	1 (0.42%)	7 (2.25%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (1.44%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	3 (0.96%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		2 (0.58%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	6 (1.93%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (1.15%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	1 (0.74%)	0 (0%)	2 (0.64%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.42%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.32%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (50.4%)	71 (52.6%)	78 (32.5%)	88 (28.3%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		79 (22.8%)	42 (31.1%)	119 (49.6%)	160 (51.4%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (26.8%)	22 (16.3%)	43 (17.9%)	63 (20.3%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (17.0%)	28 (20.7%)	61 (25.4%)	96 (30.9%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (21.6%)	35 (25.9%)	53 (22.1%)	73 (23.5%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		63 (18.2%)	27 (20.0%)	63 (26.3%)	67 (21.5%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		117 (33.7%)	28 (20.7%)	16 (6.67%)	21 (6.75%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		14 (4.03%)	12 (8.89%)	32 (13.3%)	18 (5.79%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (4.90%)	4 (2.96%)	12 (5.00%)	27 (8.68%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	1 (0.74%)	3 (1.25%)	8 (2.57%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		2 (0.58%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.32%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc upper bound				Overall N = 1,0331
		0.25 N = 3471	0.5 N = 1351	0.75 N = 2401	1 N = 3111
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		300 (32.2%)	122 (13.1%)	226 (24.2%)	284 (30.5%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		47 (46.5%)	13 (12.9%)	14 (13.9%)	27 (26.7%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		70 (40.2%)	31 (17.8%)	34 (19.5%)	39 (22.4%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		38 (23.0%)	27 (16.4%)	54 (32.7%)	46 (27.9%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		31 (19.1%)	14 (8.64%)	46 (28.4%)	71 (43.8%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		55 (55.6%)	11 (11.1%)	15 (15.2%)	18 (18.2%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		23 (25.8%)	11 (12.4%)	26 (29.2%)	29 (32.6%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		29 (44.6%)	3 (4.62%)	10 (15.4%)	23 (35.4%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		20 (33.9%)	7 (11.9%)	21 (35.6%)	11 (18.6%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		28 (51.9%)	9 (16.7%)	9 (16.7%)	8 (14.8%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		19 (44.2%)	6 (14.0%)	4 (9.30%)	14 (32.6%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		9 (26.5%)	7 (20.6%)	7 (20.6%)	11 (32.4%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		5 (15.6%)	3 (9.38%)	8 (25.0%)	16 (50.0%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)	6 (37.5%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		5 (35.7%)	1 (7.14%)	1 (7.14%)	7 (50.0%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		5 (55.6%)	0 (0%)	1 (11.1%)	3 (33.3%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		2 (25.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	6 (75.0%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		4 (80.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (20.0%)	0 (0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)	0 (0%)	2 (66.7%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		175 (42.5%)	71 (17.2%)	78 (18.9%)	88 (21.4%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		79 (19.8%)	42 (10.5%)	119 (29.8%)	160 (40.0%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		93 (42.1%)	22 (9.95%)	43 (19.5%)	63 (28.5%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		59 (24.2%)	28 (11.5%)	61 (25.0%)	96 (39.3%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		75 (31.8%)	35 (14.8%)	53 (22.5%)	73 (30.9%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		63 (28.6%)	27 (12.3%)	63 (28.6%)	67 (30.5%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		117 (64.3%)	28 (15.4%)	16 (8.79%)	21 (11.5%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		14 (18.4%)	12 (15.8%)	32 (42.1%)	18 (23.7%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		17 (28.3%)	4 (6.67%)	12 (20.0%)	27 (45.0%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		0 (0%)	1 (8.33%)	3 (25.0%)	8 (66.7%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		2 (66.7%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (33.3%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

Dichotomized upper bound PTc score

Column-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc upper bound	Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc > 0 N = 1,0331
PTC final sensitivity upper bound	1,033
0.25		347 (33.6%)	347 (33.6%)
1		311 (30.1%)	311 (30.1%)
0.75		240 (23.2%)	240 (23.2%)
0.5		135 (13.1%)	135 (13.1%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		932 (90.2%)	932 (90.2%)
non-HSSP		101 (9.78%)	101 (9.78%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		174 (16.8%)	174 (16.8%)
Other neurology		165 (16.0%)	165 (16.0%)
Oncology		162 (15.7%)	162 (15.7%)
IBD		99 (9.58%)	99 (9.58%)
Dermatology		89 (8.62%)	89 (8.62%)
Other		65 (6.29%)	65 (6.29%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		59 (5.71%)	59 (5.71%)
Adult Endocrinology		54 (5.23%)	54 (5.23%)
Other pulmonary		43 (4.16%)	43 (4.16%)
Multiple Sclerosis		34 (3.29%)	34 (3.29%)
Hematology		32 (3.10%)	32 (3.10%)
Transplant		16 (1.55%)	16 (1.55%)
Hepatology		14 (1.36%)	14 (1.36%)
Pediatric endocrinology		9 (0.87%)	9 (0.87%)
HIV		8 (0.77%)	8 (0.77%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		5 (0.48%)	5 (0.48%)
Cystic fibrosis		3 (0.29%)	3 (0.29%)
Hepatitis C		1 (0.10%)	1 (0.10%)
Bleeding Disorders		1 (0.10%)	1 (0.10%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		412 (39.9%)	412 (39.9%)
Medication dose change		400 (38.7%)	400 (38.7%)
Medication discontinuation		221 (21.4%)	221 (21.4%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		244 (23.6%)	244 (23.6%)
Adverse drug effect		236 (22.8%)	236 (22.8%)
Effectiveness		220 (21.3%)	220 (21.3%)
Affordability		182 (17.6%)	182 (17.6%)
Adherence		76 (7.36%)	76 (7.36%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		60 (5.81%)	60 (5.81%)
Drug interaction		12 (1.16%)	12 (1.16%)
Allergy		3 (0.29%)	3 (0.29%)
1 n (%)

Row-wise

Characteristic	N	PTc upper bound	Overall N = 1,0331
		PTc > 0 N = 1,0331
PTC final sensitivity upper bound	1,033
0.25		347 (100.0%)	347 (100.0%)
1		311 (100.0%)	311 (100.0%)
0.75		240 (100.0%)	240 (100.0%)
0.5		135 (100.0%)	135 (100.0%)
Pharmacy filling medication most recently	1,033
HSSP		932 (100.0%)	932 (100.0%)
non-HSSP		101 (100.0%)	101 (100.0%)
Clinical area	1,033
Rheumatology		174 (100.0%)	174 (100.0%)
Other neurology		165 (100.0%)	165 (100.0%)
Oncology		162 (100.0%)	162 (100.0%)
IBD		99 (100.0%)	99 (100.0%)
Dermatology		89 (100.0%)	89 (100.0%)
Other		65 (100.0%)	65 (100.0%)
Severe Asthma/Allergy		59 (100.0%)	59 (100.0%)
Adult Endocrinology		54 (100.0%)	54 (100.0%)
Other pulmonary		43 (100.0%)	43 (100.0%)
Multiple Sclerosis		34 (100.0%)	34 (100.0%)
Hematology		32 (100.0%)	32 (100.0%)
Transplant		16 (100.0%)	16 (100.0%)
Hepatology		14 (100.0%)	14 (100.0%)
Pediatric endocrinology		9 (100.0%)	9 (100.0%)
HIV		8 (100.0%)	8 (100.0%)
Pediatric inflammatory conditions		5 (100.0%)	5 (100.0%)
Cystic fibrosis		3 (100.0%)	3 (100.0%)
Hepatitis C		1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Bleeding Disorders		1 (100.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Intervention outcome	1,033
Medication switch		412 (100.0%)	412 (100.0%)
Medication dose change		400 (100.0%)	400 (100.0%)
Medication discontinuation		221 (100.0%)	221 (100.0%)
Intervention reason	1,033
Regimen appropriateness		244 (100.0%)	244 (100.0%)
Adverse drug effect		236 (100.0%)	236 (100.0%)
Effectiveness		220 (100.0%)	220 (100.0%)
Affordability		182 (100.0%)	182 (100.0%)
Adherence		76 (100.0%)	76 (100.0%)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety		60 (100.0%)	60 (100.0%)
Drug interaction		12 (100.0%)	12 (100.0%)
Allergy		3 (100.0%)	3 (100.0%)
1 n (%)

4.2 Intervention level summaries

Final PTc

Pharmacy

Characteristic	N	pharmacy_type		Overall N = 686
		HSSP N = 632	non-HSSP N = 54
AWP costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		5,256.6 (7,549.8)	6,429.9 (7,347.4)	5,349.0 (7,535.4)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,538.3 (904.8 - 6,497.4)	4,216.8 (1,655.1 - 8,307.2)	2,698.5 (932.3 - 6,708.0)
Min - Max		40.2 - 82,025.2	50.6 - 34,177.2	40.2 - 82,025.2
AWP -20% costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		4,205.3 (6,039.8)	5,143.9 (5,877.9)	4,279.2 (6,028.3)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,030.6 (723.8 - 5,197.9)	3,373.5 (1,324.1 - 6,645.7)	2,158.8 (745.8 - 5,366.4)
Min - Max		32.2 - 65,620.1	40.4 - 27,341.7	32.2 - 65,620.1
WAC costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		4,014.3 (6,336.3)	4,509.8 (6,357.5)	4,053.3 (6,334.7)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,572.4 (493.2 - 4,697.6)	1,957.1 (150.1 - 6,606.0)	1,585.6 (452.1 - 4,955.2)
Min - Max		5.7 - 68,354.3	10.1 - 28,481.0	5.7 - 68,354.3

Clinical area

Characteristic	N	clinical_area																			Overall N = 686
		Oncology N = 131	Other neurology N = 127	Rheumatology N = 104	Dermatology N = 66	IBD N = 44	Severe Asthma/Allergy N = 39	Other N = 36	Hematology N = 27	Adult Endocrinology N = 26	Multiple Sclerosis N = 25	Other pulmonary N = 24	Transplant N = 12	Hepatology N = 9	HIV N = 6	Pediatric endocrinology N = 4	Cystic fibrosis N = 3	Hepatitis C N = 1	Bleeding Disorders N = 1	Pediatric inflammatory conditions N = 1
AWP costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		10,299.9 (10,345.2)	3,007.3 (2,721.8)	2,640.5 (3,508.9)	4,092.4 (5,780.1)	5,791.9 (6,475.5)	1,518.1 (1,304.2)	5,172.8 (5,229.0)	11,871.0 (7,586.4)	1,806.2 (1,560.6)	9,688.1 (16,658.6)	6,393.3 (5,801.2)	575.0 (1,103.7)	4,875.3 (5,114.3)	4,125.5 (2,531.3)	2,138.2 (961.9)	12,183.7 (18,988.0)	4,800.0 (NA)	3,411.3 (NA)	1,257.9 (NA)	5,349.0 (7,535.4)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		6,782.4 (3,735.0 - 13,817.7)	2,204.4 (713.6 - 4,750.2)	1,387.8 (456.7 - 3,354.0)	2,024.9 (991.3 - 5,031.0)	3,195.2 (467.0 - 9,182.7)	932.3 (932.3 - 1,886.9)	3,771.3 (361.0 - 10,463.3)	9,653.4 (5,284.8 - 19,152.0)	1,342.5 (742.5 - 2,374.0)	4,791.8 (2,232.0 - 11,104.8)	4,068.0 (1,972.0 - 12,407.9)	180.1 (111.5 - 351.6)	3,035.3 (1,152.9 - 5,087.4)	3,794.4 (2,100.3 - 5,059.2)	2,040.3 (1,402.6 - 2,873.8)	2,130.3 (336.0 - 34,084.7)	4,800.0 (4,800.0 - 4,800.0)	3,411.3 (3,411.3 - 3,411.3)	1,257.9 (1,257.9 - 1,257.9)	2,698.5 (932.3 - 6,708.0)
Min - Max		40.2 - 80,239.5	229.2 - 12,667.5	67.6 - 20,041.7	179.9 - 36,730.8	197.3 - 21,454.6	466.1 - 7,227.0	87.6 - 15,773.0	160.9 - 26,838.0	92.0 - 5,147.9	50.6 - 82,025.2	542.5 - 19,981.3	107.1 - 3,965.0	666.6 - 15,127.2	1,445.0 - 8,559.5	1,122.1 - 3,350.2	336.0 - 34,084.7	4,800.0 - 4,800.0	3,411.3 - 3,411.3	1,257.9 - 1,257.9	40.2 - 82,025.2
AWP -20% costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		8,239.9 (8,276.1)	2,405.8 (2,177.5)	2,112.4 (2,807.1)	3,273.9 (4,624.1)	4,633.5 (5,180.4)	1,214.5 (1,043.3)	4,138.2 (4,183.2)	9,496.8 (6,069.1)	1,444.9 (1,248.5)	7,750.5 (13,326.9)	5,114.7 (4,641.0)	460.0 (882.9)	3,900.2 (4,091.4)	3,300.4 (2,025.1)	1,710.6 (769.5)	9,746.9 (15,190.4)	3,840.0 (NA)	2,729.1 (NA)	1,006.3 (NA)	4,279.2 (6,028.3)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		5,425.9 (2,988.0 - 11,054.2)	1,763.6 (570.9 - 3,800.2)	1,110.3 (365.4 - 2,683.2)	1,619.9 (793.0 - 4,024.8)	2,556.2 (373.6 - 7,346.2)	745.8 (745.8 - 1,509.5)	3,017.1 (288.8 - 8,370.6)	7,722.7 (4,227.8 - 15,321.6)	1,074.0 (594.0 - 1,899.2)	3,833.4 (1,785.6 - 8,883.8)	3,254.4 (1,577.6 - 9,926.3)	144.0 (89.2 - 281.3)	2,428.3 (922.3 - 4,069.9)	3,035.5 (1,680.2 - 4,047.4)	1,632.2 (1,122.1 - 2,299.1)	1,704.3 (268.8 - 27,267.7)	3,840.0 (3,840.0 - 3,840.0)	2,729.1 (2,729.1 - 2,729.1)	1,006.3 (1,006.3 - 1,006.3)	2,158.8 (745.8 - 5,366.4)
Min - Max		32.2 - 64,191.6	183.3 - 10,134.0	54.1 - 16,033.4	143.9 - 29,384.7	157.8 - 17,163.7	372.9 - 5,781.6	70.1 - 12,618.4	128.7 - 21,470.4	73.6 - 4,118.3	40.4 - 65,620.1	434.0 - 15,985.0	85.7 - 3,172.0	533.3 - 12,101.8	1,156.0 - 6,847.6	897.7 - 2,680.1	268.8 - 27,267.7	3,840.0 - 3,840.0	2,729.1 - 2,729.1	1,006.3 - 1,006.3	32.2 - 65,620.1
WAC costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		7,613.1 (9,022.5)	2,029.7 (2,290.8)	2,200.4 (2,924.1)	3,399.8 (4,823.2)	4,821.1 (5,390.5)	1,265.0 (1,086.8)	4,181.0 (4,415.1)	9,793.2 (6,394.0)	1,474.8 (1,306.2)	6,487.5 (14,415.7)	4,003.6 (5,279.4)	58.9 (74.9)	3,794.0 (4,500.2)	3,152.9 (2,468.2)	1,781.8 (801.6)	10,153.3 (15,823.8)	3,999.9 (NA)	2,842.8 (NA)	1,048.3 (NA)	4,053.3 (6,334.7)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		4,470.3 (1,422.6 - 11,514.6)	903.4 (382.0 - 3,298.9)	1,156.5 (380.6 - 2,794.8)	1,687.4 (711.0 - 4,192.2)	2,662.7 (389.2 - 7,652.3)	776.9 (776.9 - 1,572.4)	2,242.6 (255.6 - 8,719.3)	8,044.8 (4,404.0 - 15,960.0)	1,118.7 (649.7 - 1,498.3)	308.9 (90.0 - 7,281.0)	676.3 (75.0 - 10,340.1)	17.0 (7.9 - 90.7)	2,529.5 (76.9 - 4,239.3)	3,162.2 (1,204.2 - 4,216.2)	1,700.2 (1,168.8 - 2,394.8)	1,775.3 (280.0 - 28,404.6)	3,999.9 (3,999.9 - 3,999.9)	2,842.8 (2,842.8 - 2,842.8)	1,048.3 (1,048.3 - 1,048.3)	1,585.6 (452.1 - 4,955.2)
Min - Max		15.0 - 66,866.3	10.1 - 10,556.1	56.4 - 16,701.4	131.3 - 30,609.0	164.4 - 17,878.8	388.4 - 6,022.5	73.0 - 13,143.8	134.1 - 22,365.0	76.6 - 4,289.9	29.6 - 68,354.3	22.5 - 13,786.8	5.7 - 214.4	9.0 - 12,606.0	39.9 - 7,133.0	935.0 - 2,791.8	280.0 - 28,404.6	3,999.9 - 3,999.9	2,842.8 - 2,842.8	1,048.3 - 1,048.3	5.7 - 68,354.3

Intervenion outcome

Characteristic	N	intervention_outcome			Overall N = 686
		Medication dose change N = 321	Medication switch N = 237	Medication discontinuation N = 128
AWP costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		6,499.6 (8,061.6)	3,303.3 (5,138.7)	6,251.2 (9,026.0)	5,349.0 (7,535.4)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,973.6 (1,655.1 - 7,927.2)	1,257.9 (591.9 - 3,794.4)	4,047.3 (1,241.4 - 7,766.4)	2,698.5 (932.3 - 6,708.0)
Min - Max		40.2 - 80,239.5	50.6 - 36,730.8	137.1 - 82,025.2	40.2 - 82,025.2
AWP -20% costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		5,199.7 (6,449.3)	2,642.7 (4,111.0)	5,001.0 (7,220.8)	4,279.2 (6,028.3)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,178.9 (1,324.1 - 6,341.8)	1,006.3 (473.5 - 3,035.5)	3,237.8 (993.1 - 6,213.2)	2,158.8 (745.8 - 5,366.4)
Min - Max		32.2 - 64,191.6	40.4 - 29,384.7	109.7 - 65,620.1	32.2 - 65,620.1
WAC costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		4,998.4 (6,884.0)	2,536.1 (4,266.8)	4,492.4 (7,513.9)	4,053.3 (6,334.7)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,596.0 (776.9 - 6,594.3)	758.8 (328.8 - 2,794.8)	2,064.7 (386.7 - 5,453.7)	1,585.6 (452.1 - 4,955.2)
Min - Max		7.3 - 66,866.3	25.0 - 30,609.0	5.7 - 68,354.3	5.7 - 68,354.3

Intervention reason

Characteristic	N	intervention_reason								Overall N = 686
		Regimen appropriateness N = 185	Adverse drug effect N = 161	Effectiveness N = 157	Affordability N = 65	Adherence N = 62	Therapeutic monitoring for safety N = 43	Drug interaction N = 12	Allergy N = 1
AWP costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		6,819.9 (9,175.3)	5,305.9 (6,050.9)	4,569.2 (4,842.0)	3,394.0 (6,771.4)	2,620.7 (4,907.6)	8,641.5 (13,438.6)	6,710.8 (4,130.8)	916.7 (NA)	5,349.0 (7,535.4)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,779.6 (1,224.8 - 9,428.4)	3,115.2 (1,257.9 - 5,832.6)	2,642.4 (992.0 - 6,613.3)	704.7 (311.4 - 3,102.8)	1,242.2 (704.9 - 1,944.0)	5,222.4 (2,302.7 - 7,913.1)	5,386.5 (3,636.6 - 8,790.3)	916.7 (916.7 - 916.7)	2,698.5 (932.3 - 6,708.0)
Min - Max		40.2 - 80,239.5	67.6 - 30,878.4	92.0 - 21,227.1	50.6 - 32,508.3	115.3 - 34,084.7	394.6 - 82,025.2	2,560.7 - 14,480.1	916.7 - 916.7	40.2 - 82,025.2
AWP -20% costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		5,455.9 (7,340.2)	4,244.8 (4,840.7)	3,655.3 (3,873.6)	2,715.2 (5,417.1)	2,096.6 (3,926.1)	6,913.2 (10,750.8)	5,368.6 (3,304.7)	733.4 (NA)	4,279.2 (6,028.3)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,023.7 (979.9 - 7,542.7)	2,492.1 (1,006.3 - 4,666.1)	2,113.9 (793.6 - 5,290.7)	563.8 (249.1 - 2,482.2)	993.7 (563.9 - 1,555.2)	4,177.9 (1,842.1 - 6,330.5)	4,309.2 (2,909.3 - 7,032.2)	733.4 (733.4 - 733.4)	2,158.8 (745.8 - 5,366.4)
Min - Max		32.2 - 64,191.6	54.1 - 24,702.7	73.6 - 16,981.7	40.4 - 26,006.6	92.2 - 27,267.7	315.7 - 65,620.1	2,048.6 - 11,584.1	733.4 - 733.4	32.2 - 65,620.1
WAC costs avoided	686
Mean (SD)		5,162.7 (7,775.1)	4,093.2 (5,157.0)	3,421.1 (4,134.4)	2,619.7 (5,669.3)	1,906.5 (4,144.3)	6,349.0 (11,161.5)	5,592.4 (3,442.5)	763.9 (NA)	4,053.3 (6,334.7)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,096.5 (524.1 - 6,922.6)	2,133.9 (418.7 - 4,554.6)	1,730.7 (535.3 - 4,699.8)	493.2 (164.4 - 1,730.7)	776.9 (379.4 - 1,199.0)	3,545.3 (719.6 - 6,594.3)	4,488.8 (3,030.6 - 7,325.4)	763.9 (763.9 - 763.9)	1,585.6 (452.1 - 4,955.2)
Min - Max		5.7 - 66,866.3	30.0 - 25,732.2	25.0 - 17,689.2	29.6 - 27,090.3	10.1 - 28,404.6	39.9 - 68,354.3	2,133.9 - 12,067.2	763.9 - 763.9	5.7 - 68,354.3

PTc lower bound

Pharmacy

Characteristic	N	pharmacy_type		Overall N = 551
		HSSP N = 510	non-HSSP N = 41
AWP costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		4,007.8 (5,717.9)	5,342.5 (5,160.8)	4,107.2 (5,684.8)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,120.0 (640.8 - 4,964.9)	3,815.6 (1,886.9 - 6,381.5)	2,204.4 (704.9 - 5,031.0)
Min - Max		43.6 - 54,683.4	57.9 - 24,381.2	43.6 - 54,683.4
AWP -20% costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		3,206.3 (4,574.3)	4,274.0 (4,128.7)	3,285.7 (4,547.9)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,696.0 (512.6 - 3,971.9)	3,052.4 (1,509.5 - 5,105.2)	1,763.6 (563.9 - 4,024.8)
Min - Max		34.9 - 43,746.8	46.3 - 19,505.0	34.9 - 43,746.8
WAC costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		3,054.3 (4,793.2)	3,773.7 (4,574.2)	3,107.9 (4,777.0)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,393.4 (356.3 - 3,958.5)	1,847.4 (118.7 - 5,317.9)	1,397.4 (328.8 - 4,022.4)
Min - Max		4.3 - 45,569.5	17.1 - 20,317.7	4.3 - 45,569.5

Clinical area

Characteristic	N	clinical_area																			Overall N = 551
		Oncology N = 117	Other neurology N = 100	Rheumatology N = 73	Dermatology N = 55	IBD N = 33	Other N = 33	Severe Asthma/Allergy N = 32	Hematology N = 24	Multiple Sclerosis N = 18	Other pulmonary N = 18	Adult Endocrinology N = 17	Hepatology N = 8	Transplant N = 8	HIV N = 6	Pediatric endocrinology N = 4	Cystic fibrosis N = 2	Hepatitis C N = 1	Bleeding Disorders N = 1	Pediatric inflammatory conditions N = 1
AWP costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		7,382.7 (7,686.1)	2,024.6 (1,898.8)	2,224.8 (2,890.0)	3,160.0 (4,451.6)	4,354.5 (4,473.8)	3,530.3 (3,471.0)	1,043.8 (1,052.5)	8,682.7 (5,954.1)	8,188.0 (12,399.8)	5,354.0 (4,560.2)	1,548.2 (1,366.8)	3,679.1 (3,947.9)	582.0 (999.2)	2,968.6 (1,946.3)	1,378.7 (710.2)	12,907.8 (17,897.9)	2,400.0 (NA)	2,274.2 (NA)	629.0 (NA)	4,107.2 (5,684.8)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		4,723.2 (2,596.5 - 9,211.8)	1,343.7 (472.8 - 3,119.4)	1,079.1 (591.9 - 2,449.6)	1,677.0 (629.0 - 3,354.0)	2,183.5 (467.1 - 9,182.7)	2,204.4 (278.6 - 6,822.6)	629.0 (466.1 - 1,257.9)	6,314.0 (3,880.6 - 14,422.1)	3,997.1 (2,232.0 - 8,737.2)	3,000.0 (2,284.5 - 8,271.9)	899.0 (899.0 - 2,697.0)	2,407.7 (779.7 - 5,689.6)	167.3 (68.0 - 578.1)	2,529.6 (1,575.2 - 3,794.4)	1,360.2 (841.5 - 1,915.9)	12,907.8 (252.0 - 25,563.5)	2,400.0 (2,400.0 - 2,400.0)	2,274.2 (2,274.2 - 2,274.2)	629.0 (629.0 - 629.0)	2,204.4 (704.9 - 5,031.0)
Min - Max		100.1 - 53,493.0	229.2 - 9,500.6	43.6 - 15,031.3	311.4 - 27,548.1	155.7 - 14,303.1	80.6 - 11,829.7	233.1 - 5,420.2	120.7 - 20,128.5	335.0 - 54,683.4	361.7 - 14,986.0	57.9 - 3,860.9	333.3 - 11,345.4	55.8 - 2,973.8	963.3 - 6,419.7	561.0 - 2,233.4	252.0 - 25,563.5	2,400.0 - 2,400.0	2,274.2 - 2,274.2	629.0 - 629.0	43.6 - 54,683.4
AWP -20% costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		5,906.2 (6,148.9)	1,619.7 (1,519.1)	1,779.8 (2,312.0)	2,528.0 (3,561.3)	3,483.6 (3,579.0)	2,824.2 (2,776.8)	835.0 (842.0)	6,946.1 (4,763.3)	6,550.4 (9,919.8)	4,283.2 (3,648.1)	1,238.6 (1,093.5)	2,943.3 (3,158.3)	465.6 (799.4)	2,374.9 (1,557.0)	1,103.0 (568.2)	10,326.2 (14,318.4)	1,920.0 (NA)	1,819.4 (NA)	503.2 (NA)	3,285.7 (4,547.9)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,778.6 (2,077.2 - 7,369.4)	1,074.9 (378.2 - 2,495.6)	863.3 (473.5 - 1,959.7)	1,341.6 (503.2 - 2,683.2)	1,746.8 (373.7 - 7,346.2)	1,763.6 (222.9 - 5,458.1)	503.2 (372.9 - 1,006.3)	5,051.2 (3,104.4 - 11,537.6)	3,197.7 (1,785.6 - 6,989.8)	2,400.0 (1,827.6 - 6,617.5)	719.2 (719.2 - 2,157.6)	1,926.2 (623.7 - 4,551.7)	133.8 (54.4 - 462.5)	2,023.7 (1,260.2 - 3,035.5)	1,088.2 (673.2 - 1,532.7)	10,326.2 (201.6 - 20,450.8)	1,920.0 (1,920.0 - 1,920.0)	1,819.4 (1,819.4 - 1,819.4)	503.2 (503.2 - 503.2)	1,763.6 (563.9 - 4,024.8)
Min - Max		80.1 - 42,794.4	183.3 - 7,600.5	34.9 - 12,025.1	249.1 - 22,038.5	124.6 - 11,442.4	64.5 - 9,463.8	186.5 - 4,336.2	96.5 - 16,102.8	268.0 - 43,746.8	289.3 - 11,988.8	46.3 - 3,088.7	266.6 - 9,076.3	44.6 - 2,379.0	770.6 - 5,135.7	448.8 - 1,786.8	201.6 - 20,450.8	1,920.0 - 1,920.0	1,819.4 - 1,819.4	503.2 - 503.2	34.9 - 43,746.8
WAC costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		5,418.7 (6,660.8)	1,339.2 (1,604.4)	1,854.0 (2,408.3)	2,633.3 (3,709.7)	3,623.3 (3,721.9)	2,862.7 (2,930.2)	869.8 (877.1)	7,156.3 (5,013.9)	5,637.0 (10,829.6)	3,344.7 (4,231.9)	1,276.6 (1,150.3)	2,863.8 (3,469.1)	43.7 (49.0)	2,260.1 (1,871.0)	1,148.9 (591.9)	10,756.7 (14,915.3)	2,000.0 (NA)	1,895.2 (NA)	524.1 (NA)	3,107.9 (4,777.0)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,385.1 (945.6 - 7,432.7)	598.5 (195.8 - 1,979.3)	899.3 (493.2 - 2,041.4)	1,397.4 (524.1 - 2,794.8)	1,819.6 (389.3 - 7,606.2)	1,484.6 (219.1 - 5,685.5)	524.1 (388.4 - 1,048.3)	5,128.5 (3,001.2 - 12,018.6)	1,037.0 (75.0 - 7,281.0)	375.8 (75.0 - 6,893.4)	749.2 (664.7 - 2,247.5)	1,949.6 (33.6 - 4,741.2)	23.0 (8.5 - 68.0)	2,108.1 (802.8 - 3,162.2)	1,133.5 (701.3 - 1,596.6)	10,756.7 (210.0 - 21,303.5)	2,000.0 (2,000.0 - 2,000.0)	1,895.2 (1,895.2 - 1,895.2)	524.1 (524.1 - 524.1)	1,397.4 (328.8 - 4,022.4)
Min - Max		15.0 - 44,577.5	20.1 - 7,917.1	36.3 - 12,526.1	259.5 - 22,956.8	129.8 - 11,919.2	59.4 - 9,857.8	194.2 - 4,516.9	100.5 - 16,773.8	28.1 - 45,569.5	15.0 - 10,340.1	48.3 - 3,217.4	6.8 - 9,454.5	4.3 - 146.3	29.9 - 5,349.7	467.5 - 1,861.2	210.0 - 21,303.5	2,000.0 - 2,000.0	1,895.2 - 1,895.2	524.1 - 524.1	4.3 - 45,569.5

Intervenion outcome

Characteristic	N	intervention_outcome			Overall N = 551
		Medication dose change N = 279	Medication switch N = 166	Medication discontinuation N = 106
AWP costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		4,684.8 (5,983.5)	2,695.3 (4,130.9)	4,797.8 (6,569.4)	4,107.2 (5,684.8)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,596.5 (1,038.4 - 5,344.2)	1,038.4 (394.6 - 2,769.1)	2,824.3 (1,038.4 - 6,851.0)	2,204.4 (704.9 - 5,031.0)
Min - Max		43.6 - 53,493.0	57.9 - 27,548.1	80.6 - 54,683.4	43.6 - 54,683.4
AWP -20% costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		3,747.8 (4,786.8)	2,156.3 (3,304.7)	3,838.3 (5,255.5)	3,285.7 (4,547.9)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,077.2 (830.7 - 4,275.4)	830.7 (315.7 - 2,215.2)	2,259.4 (830.7 - 5,480.8)	1,763.6 (563.9 - 4,024.8)
Min - Max		34.9 - 42,794.4	46.3 - 22,038.5	64.5 - 43,746.8	34.9 - 43,746.8
WAC costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		3,612.0 (5,097.9)	2,071.1 (3,426.9)	3,404.4 (5,459.3)	3,107.9 (4,777.0)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,716.0 (467.5 - 4,366.1)	602.3 (265.8 - 2,108.1)	1,818.2 (206.0 - 4,691.5)	1,397.4 (328.8 - 4,022.4)
Min - Max		4.3 - 44,577.5	20.1 - 22,956.8	16.0 - 45,569.5	4.3 - 45,569.5

Intervention reason

Characteristic	N	intervention_reason								Overall N = 551
		Regimen appropriateness N = 157	Effectiveness N = 130	Adverse drug effect N = 126	Adherence N = 50	Therapeutic monitoring for safety N = 39	Affordability N = 37	Drug interaction N = 11	Allergy N = 1
AWP costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		5,313.6 (6,904.8)	3,232.8 (3,265.4)	4,049.9 (4,607.7)	1,965.2 (3,893.0)	6,110.5 (9,357.8)	3,078.7 (6,213.3)	4,279.7 (2,870.5)	687.6 (NA)	4,107.2 (5,684.8)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,115.2 (1,084.1 - 6,381.5)	2,068.0 (722.7 - 4,750.2)	2,303.6 (791.7 - 5,284.8)	629.0 (466.1 - 1,655.1)	2,853.2 (1,575.2 - 6,381.5)	591.9 (394.6 - 2,233.4)	2,973.1 (2,252.3 - 5,284.8)	687.6 (687.6 - 687.6)	2,204.4 (704.9 - 5,031.0)
Min - Max		43.6 - 53,493.0	229.2 - 15,031.3	80.6 - 23,158.8	86.5 - 25,563.5	197.3 - 54,683.4	57.9 - 24,381.2	1,707.2 - 9,653.4	687.6 - 687.6	43.6 - 54,683.4
AWP -20% costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		4,250.9 (5,523.8)	2,586.2 (2,612.3)	3,239.9 (3,686.1)	1,572.1 (3,114.4)	4,888.4 (7,486.2)	2,462.9 (4,970.7)	3,423.8 (2,296.4)	550.0 (NA)	3,285.7 (4,547.9)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,492.1 (867.2 - 5,105.2)	1,654.4 (578.2 - 3,800.2)	1,842.9 (633.4 - 4,227.8)	503.2 (372.9 - 1,324.1)	2,282.6 (1,260.2 - 5,105.2)	473.5 (315.7 - 1,786.8)	2,378.5 (1,801.9 - 4,227.8)	550.0 (550.0 - 550.0)	1,763.6 (563.9 - 4,024.8)
Min - Max		34.9 - 42,794.4	183.3 - 12,025.1	64.5 - 18,527.0	69.2 - 20,450.8	157.8 - 43,746.8	46.3 - 19,505.0	1,365.7 - 7,722.7	550.0 - 550.0	34.9 - 43,746.8
WAC costs avoided (lower sensitivity bound)	551
Mean (SD)		3,993.0 (5,869.3)	2,410.0 (2,809.8)	3,135.6 (3,914.7)	1,444.2 (3,273.7)	4,479.2 (7,712.3)	2,444.6 (5,209.2)	3,566.5 (2,392.1)	573.0 (NA)	3,107.9 (4,777.0)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,841.5 (388.4 - 4,805.3)	1,364.7 (391.5 - 3,331.8)	1,690.9 (301.1 - 4,025.0)	517.6 (265.8 - 1,048.3)	2,338.9 (450.2 - 4,989.0)	396.5 (224.8 - 1,397.4)	2,477.6 (1,877.0 - 4,404.0)	573.0 (573.0 - 573.0)	1,397.4 (328.8 - 4,022.4)
Min - Max		4.3 - 44,577.5	25.0 - 12,526.1	15.0 - 19,299.2	16.0 - 21,303.5	25.0 - 45,569.5	48.3 - 20,317.7	1,422.6 - 8,044.8	573.0 - 573.0	4.3 - 45,569.5

PTc upper bound

Pharmacy

Characteristic	N	pharmacy_type		Overall N = 1,033
		HSSP N = 932	non-HSSP N = 101
AWP costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		5,347.2 (7,999.5)	5,231.3 (7,433.0)	5,335.9 (7,942.6)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,482.7 (939.6 - 7,125.6)	2,636.8 (993.8 - 7,187.6)	2,496.0 (951.5 - 7,125.6)
Min - Max		9.6 - 109,366.9	101.1 - 51,265.7	9.6 - 109,366.9
AWP -20% costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		4,277.8 (6,399.6)	4,185.0 (5,946.4)	4,268.7 (6,354.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,986.1 (751.7 - 5,700.5)	2,109.4 (795.0 - 5,750.1)	1,996.8 (761.2 - 5,700.5)
Min - Max		7.7 - 87,493.5	80.9 - 41,012.6	7.7 - 87,493.5
WAC costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		4,129.8 (6,710.0)	3,738.9 (6,234.0)	4,091.6 (6,663.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,543.3 (534.7 - 5,589.6)	865.3 (465.3 - 4,854.0)	1,505.6 (534.0 - 5,589.6)
Min - Max		4.2 - 91,139.0	11.3 - 42,721.4	4.2 - 91,139.0

Clinical area

Characteristic	N	clinical_area																			Overall N = 1,033
		Rheumatology N = 174	Other neurology N = 165	Oncology N = 162	IBD N = 99	Dermatology N = 89	Other N = 65	Severe Asthma/Allergy N = 59	Adult Endocrinology N = 54	Other pulmonary N = 43	Multiple Sclerosis N = 34	Hematology N = 32	Transplant N = 16	Hepatology N = 14	Pediatric endocrinology N = 9	HIV N = 8	Pediatric inflammatory conditions N = 5	Cystic fibrosis N = 3	Hepatitis C N = 1	Bleeding Disorders N = 1
AWP costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		2,509.9 (3,290.6)	3,617.3 (3,458.4)	11,119.1 (11,503.7)	6,791.3 (6,864.5)	4,160.1 (5,785.3)	4,314.7 (5,989.9)	1,675.1 (1,303.3)	1,583.8 (1,321.1)	5,680.7 (5,462.2)	9,893.9 (19,712.5)	13,338.1 (7,813.2)	498.2 (958.7)	4,183.4 (5,009.0)	1,518.9 (1,511.1)	3,542.1 (2,880.6)	642.0 (807.7)	12,893.8 (18,456.5)	7,200.1 (NA)	4,548.4 (NA)	5,335.9 (7,942.6)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,038.4 (704.9 - 3,115.2)	2,375.1 (916.7 - 6,144.0)	7,352.6 (4,504.6 - 15,439.2)	4,153.6 (1,038.4 - 9,182.7)	2,076.8 (1,038.4 - 5,030.9)	785.6 (262.9 - 7,068.2)	1,398.4 (932.3 - 1,886.9)	899.0 (742.5 - 2,573.9)	4,000.0 (1,944.0 - 8,271.9)	5,688.6 (1,421.4 - 10,293.9)	12,799.2 (7,920.2 - 19,229.4)	223.0 (111.5 - 360.1)	2,212.3 (999.9 - 5,087.4)	561.0 (532.8 - 2,244.1)	3,579.8 (1,225.8 - 5,059.2)	149.3 (67.6 - 1,038.4)	4,260.6 (336.0 - 34,084.7)	7,200.1 (7,200.1 - 7,200.1)	4,548.4 (4,548.4 - 4,548.4)	2,496.0 (951.5 - 7,125.6)
Min - Max		67.6 - 20,041.7	222.3 - 14,251.1	80.4 - 106,986.0	197.3 - 28,606.1	207.8 - 36,730.8	80.6 - 21,204.5	191.9 - 7,227.0	9.6 - 5,147.9	571.1 - 19,981.3	101.1 - 109,366.9	160.9 - 35,592.3	55.8 - 3,965.0	304.0 - 15,127.2	174.0 - 4,466.9	47.4 - 8,559.5	67.6 - 1,886.9	336.0 - 34,084.7	7,200.1 - 7,200.1	4,548.4 - 4,548.4	9.6 - 109,366.9
AWP -20% costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		2,007.9 (2,632.5)	2,893.9 (2,766.7)	8,895.3 (9,203.0)	5,433.0 (5,491.6)	3,328.1 (4,628.2)	3,451.8 (4,791.9)	1,340.1 (1,042.6)	1,267.0 (1,056.9)	4,544.5 (4,369.8)	7,915.2 (15,770.0)	10,670.5 (6,250.6)	398.6 (767.0)	3,346.7 (4,007.2)	1,215.2 (1,208.8)	2,833.7 (2,304.4)	513.6 (646.2)	10,315.0 (14,765.2)	5,760.1 (NA)	3,638.7 (NA)	4,268.7 (6,354.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		830.7 (563.9 - 2,492.1)	1,900.1 (733.4 - 4,915.2)	5,882.0 (3,603.7 - 12,351.4)	3,322.9 (830.7 - 7,346.2)	1,661.4 (830.7 - 4,024.7)	628.5 (210.3 - 5,654.5)	1,118.7 (745.8 - 1,509.5)	719.2 (594.0 - 2,059.2)	3,200.0 (1,555.2 - 6,617.5)	4,550.9 (1,137.1 - 8,235.1)	10,239.4 (6,336.1 - 15,383.5)	178.4 (89.2 - 288.1)	1,769.9 (799.9 - 4,069.9)	448.8 (426.2 - 1,795.3)	2,863.8 (980.7 - 4,047.4)	119.4 (54.1 - 830.7)	3,408.5 (268.8 - 27,267.7)	5,760.1 (5,760.1 - 5,760.1)	3,638.7 (3,638.7 - 3,638.7)	1,996.8 (761.2 - 5,700.5)
Min - Max		54.1 - 16,033.4	177.8 - 11,400.8	64.3 - 85,588.8	157.8 - 22,884.9	166.2 - 29,384.7	64.5 - 16,963.6	153.5 - 5,781.6	7.7 - 4,118.3	456.9 - 15,985.0	80.9 - 87,493.5	128.7 - 28,473.8	44.6 - 3,172.0	243.2 - 12,101.8	139.2 - 3,573.5	37.9 - 6,847.6	54.1 - 1,509.5	268.8 - 27,267.7	5,760.1 - 5,760.1	3,638.7 - 3,638.7	7.7 - 87,493.5
WAC costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		2,091.7 (2,742.1)	2,492.0 (2,860.0)	8,343.9 (10,010.7)	5,657.0 (5,718.4)	3,451.1 (4,829.2)	3,496.2 (5,002.5)	1,395.9 (1,086.1)	1,297.8 (1,077.7)	3,640.0 (4,897.4)	6,484.0 (16,887.9)	10,999.2 (6,630.7)	64.8 (108.9)	3,239.2 (4,353.2)	1,265.8 (1,259.2)	2,683.9 (2,650.2)	535.0 (673.1)	10,745.0 (15,380.8)	5,999.9 (NA)	3,790.4 (NA)	4,091.6 (6,663.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		865.3 (587.4 - 2,596.0)	903.4 (391.5 - 3,958.5)	5,557.8 (1,504.5 - 12,866.0)	3,461.3 (865.3 - 7,652.3)	1,730.7 (865.3 - 4,192.2)	625.2 (219.1 - 5,890.1)	1,165.3 (776.9 - 1,572.4)	749.2 (649.7 - 1,994.2)	1,042.5 (100.0 - 3,446.7)	356.0 (84.4 - 6,420.3)	10,665.9 (6,594.3 - 16,024.8)	17.0 (12.8 - 71.5)	1,744.6 (47.9 - 4,239.3)	467.5 (444.0 - 1,870.1)	2,910.9 (38.9 - 4,216.2)	124.4 (56.4 - 865.3)	3,550.5 (280.0 - 28,404.6)	5,999.9 (5,999.9 - 5,999.9)	3,790.4 (3,790.4 - 3,790.4)	1,505.6 (534.0 - 5,589.6)
Min - Max		56.4 - 16,701.4	20.1 - 11,876.0	15.0 - 89,155.0	164.4 - 23,838.4	173.2 - 30,609.0	67.2 - 17,670.4	160.0 - 6,022.5	8.0 - 4,289.9	11.3 - 13,786.8	15.0 - 91,139.0	25.0 - 29,660.1	4.2 - 428.7	6.8 - 12,606.0	145.0 - 3,722.4	6.2 - 7,133.0	56.4 - 1,572.4	280.0 - 28,404.6	5,999.9 - 5,999.9	3,790.4 - 3,790.4	4.2 - 91,139.0

Intervenion outcome

Characteristic	N	intervention_outcome			Overall N = 1,033
		Medication switch N = 412	Medication dose change N = 400	Medication discontinuation N = 221
AWP costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		3,414.7 (5,125.3)	7,329.1 (8,966.3)	5,309.8 (9,322.4)	5,335.9 (7,942.6)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		1,160.7 (789.2 - 4,000.0)	4,750.4 (1,711.6 - 9,197.3)	2,560.7 (723.3 - 6,707.8)	2,496.0 (951.5 - 7,125.6)
Min - Max		9.6 - 36,730.8	47.4 - 106,986.0	55.8 - 109,366.9	9.6 - 109,366.9
AWP -20% costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		2,731.8 (4,100.2)	5,863.3 (7,173.0)	4,247.8 (7,457.9)	4,268.7 (6,354.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		928.6 (631.3 - 3,200.0)	3,800.3 (1,369.3 - 7,357.8)	2,048.6 (578.7 - 5,366.2)	1,996.8 (761.2 - 5,700.5)
Min - Max		7.7 - 29,384.7	37.9 - 85,588.8	44.6 - 87,493.5	7.7 - 87,493.5
WAC costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		2,666.2 (4,263.9)	5,670.0 (7,640.2)	3,892.1 (7,749.7)	4,091.6 (6,663.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		865.3 (524.1 - 2,920.9)	3,430.4 (792.0 - 7,506.7)	1,220.0 (331.7 - 4,513.4)	1,505.6 (534.0 - 5,589.6)
Min - Max		6.2 - 30,609.0	7.3 - 89,155.0	4.2 - 91,139.0	4.2 - 91,139.0

Intervention reason

Characteristic	N	intervention_reason								Overall N = 1,033
		Regimen appropriateness N = 244	Adverse drug effect N = 236	Effectiveness N = 220	Affordability N = 182	Adherence N = 76	Therapeutic monitoring for safety N = 60	Drug interaction N = 12	Allergy N = 3
AWP costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		7,041.8 (9,811.2)	5,361.6 (6,588.4)	5,032.6 (5,682.1)	3,196.7 (5,375.1)	3,091.9 (5,041.9)	8,033.3 (15,584.7)	9,498.5 (5,517.8)	2,815.7 (3,894.5)	5,335.9 (7,942.6)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		3,704.7 (1,134.0 - 10,546.1)	3,115.2 (899.0 - 6,916.8)	2,798.1 (1,038.4 - 7,189.2)	1,038.4 (770.6 - 3,035.3)	1,702.3 (1,019.1 - 2,542.7)	4,673.3 (1,056.6 - 8,344.6)	8,714.0 (4,848.8 - 12,524.9)	916.7 (234.9 - 7,295.4)	2,496.0 (951.5 - 7,125.6)
Min - Max		47.4 - 106,986.0	67.6 - 35,592.3	67.6 - 31,840.7	9.6 - 32,508.3	87.6 - 34,084.7	64.3 - 109,366.9	3,414.3 - 19,306.8	234.9 - 7,295.4	9.6 - 109,366.9
AWP -20% costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		5,633.5 (7,848.9)	4,289.3 (5,270.8)	4,026.1 (4,545.7)	2,557.4 (4,300.1)	2,473.5 (4,033.5)	6,426.7 (12,467.7)	7,598.8 (4,414.2)	2,252.5 (3,115.6)	4,268.7 (6,354.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,963.8 (907.2 - 8,436.9)	2,492.1 (719.2 - 5,533.4)	2,238.5 (830.7 - 5,751.4)	830.7 (616.5 - 2,428.3)	1,361.8 (815.3 - 2,034.2)	3,738.6 (845.3 - 6,675.7)	6,971.2 (3,879.1 - 10,019.9)	733.4 (187.9 - 5,836.3)	1,996.8 (761.2 - 5,700.5)
Min - Max		37.9 - 85,588.8	54.1 - 28,473.8	54.1 - 25,472.5	7.7 - 26,006.6	70.1 - 27,267.7	51.4 - 87,493.5	2,731.4 - 15,445.4	187.9 - 5,836.3	7.7 - 87,493.5
WAC costs avoided (upper sensitivity bound)	1,033
Mean (SD)		5,427.2 (8,290.3)	4,111.7 (5,614.4)	3,818.7 (4,790.3)	2,526.6 (4,467.6)	2,275.7 (4,279.2)	5,951.6 (12,955.9)	7,915.5 (4,598.3)	2,346.4 (3,245.4)	4,091.6 (6,663.1)
Median (Q1 - Q3)		2,133.9 (529.1 - 7,914.2)	1,606.0 (392.9 - 5,351.3)	1,864.4 (657.7 - 5,938.1)	865.3 (493.2 - 1,906.2)	1,165.3 (524.1 - 1,572.4)	2,700.6 (455.7 - 6,613.7)	7,261.6 (4,040.8 - 10,437.6)	763.9 (195.8 - 6,079.5)	1,505.6 (534.0 - 5,589.6)
Min - Max		4.2 - 89,155.0	11.3 - 29,660.1	15.0 - 26,533.8	8.0 - 27,090.3	20.1 - 28,404.6	6.2 - 91,139.0	2,845.2 - 16,089.6	195.8 - 6,079.5	4.2 - 91,139.0

4.3 Outcome level summaries

PTc final

AWP

AWP -20%

WAC

PTc lower bound

AWP

AWP -20%

WAC

PTc upper bound

AWP

AWP -20%

WAC

4.4 Costs by intervention reason

Final

strata	method	Medication discontinuation_n	Medication discontinuation_med.iqr	Medication switch_n	Medication switch_med.iqr	Medication dose change_n	Medication dose change_med.iqr	Overall_n	Overall_med.iqr
Adherence	AWP	2	$2,201 ($1,434 - $2,968)	35	$1,258 ($629 - $1,814)	25	$1,226 ($932 - $1,927)	62	$1,242 ($742 - $1,940)
Adherence	AWP -20%	2	$1,761 ($1,147 - $2,374)	35	$1,006 ($503 - $1,451)	25	$981 ($746 - $1,542)	62	$994 ($594 - $1,552)
Adherence	WAC	2	$1,360 ($696 - $2,025)	35	$587 ($311 - $1,048)	25	$777 ($777 - $1,572)	62	$777 ($379 - $1,184)
Affordability	AWP	1	$629 ($629 - $629)	57	$642 ($208 - $2,077)	7	$3,167 ($1,813 - $27,168)	65	$705 ($311 - $3,103)
Affordability	AWP -20%	1	$503 ($503 - $503)	57	$514 ($166 - $1,661)	7	$2,534 ($1,451 - $21,735)	65	$564 ($249 - $2,482)
Affordability	WAC	1	$524 ($524 - $524)	57	$493 ($164 - $1,418)	7	$2,639 ($318 - $22,640)	65	$493 ($164 - $1,731)
Drug interaction	AWP	-	-	2	$3,228 ($2,894 - $3,561)	10	$6,164 ($4,769 - $9,222)	12	$5,386 ($3,766 - $8,359)
Drug interaction	AWP -20%	-	-	2	$2,582 ($2,315 - $2,849)	10	$4,931 ($3,815 - $7,377)	12	$4,309 ($3,013 - $6,687)
Drug interaction	WAC	-	-	2	$2,690 ($2,412 - $2,968)	10	$5,137 ($3,974 - $7,685)	12	$4,489 ($3,138 - $6,966)
Adverse drug effect	AWP	45	$2,561 ($972 - $5,031)	63	$1,655 ($485 - $3,354)	53	$5,344 ($3,852 - $12,408)	161	$3,115 ($1,258 - $5,833)
Adverse drug effect	AWP -20%	45	$2,049 ($778 - $4,025)	63	$1,324 ($388 - $2,683)	53	$4,275 ($3,082 - $9,926)	161	$2,492 ($1,006 - $4,666)
Adverse drug effect	WAC	45	$1,773 ($392 - $4,192)	63	$1,048 ($296 - $2,795)	53	$4,450 ($1,979 - $10,340)	161	$2,134 ($419 - $4,555)
Allergy	AWP	1	$917 ($917 - $917)	-	-	-	-	1	$917 ($917 - $917)
Allergy	AWP -20%	1	$733 ($733 - $733)	-	-	-	-	1	$733 ($733 - $733)
Allergy	WAC	1	$764 ($764 - $764)	-	-	-	-	1	$764 ($764 - $764)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP	10	$5,464 ($4,413 - $15,567)	4	$3,177 ($1,989 - $5,331)	29	$5,222 ($2,303 - $7,689)	43	$5,222 ($2,393 - $7,816)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP -20%	10	$4,372 ($3,531 - $12,453)	4	$2,542 ($1,591 - $4,264)	29	$4,178 ($1,842 - $6,151)	43	$4,178 ($1,914 - $6,253)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	WAC	10	$4,420 ($2,999 - $6,981)	4	$1,798 ($47 - $4,442)	29	$3,317 ($900 - $6,407)	43	$3,545 ($810 - $6,514)
Effectiveness	AWP	10	$4,694 ($1,564 - $8,753)	42	$1,148 ($624 - $4,190)	105	$3,115 ($1,410 - $6,620)	157	$2,642 ($992 - $6,613)
Effectiveness	AWP -20%	10	$3,756 ($1,251 - $7,002)	42	$919 ($499 - $3,352)	105	$2,492 ($1,128 - $5,296)	157	$2,114 ($794 - $5,291)
Effectiveness	WAC	10	$1,534 ($335 - $7,294)	42	$957 ($520 - $3,492)	105	$2,041 ($587 - $4,772)	157	$1,731 ($535 - $4,700)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP	59	$4,694 ($1,418 - $10,404)	34	$2,263 ($899 - $6,318)	92	$3,872 ($1,314 - $9,479)	185	$3,780 ($1,225 - $9,428)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP -20%	59	$3,756 ($1,134 - $8,323)	34	$1,811 ($719 - $5,054)	92	$3,098 ($1,052 - $7,583)	185	$3,024 ($980 - $7,543)
Regimen appropriateness	WAC	59	$1,498 ($381 - $6,050)	34	$1,535 ($586 - $5,265)	92	$2,787 ($626 - $7,872)	185	$2,097 ($524 - $6,923)

Low

strata	method	Medication discontinuation_n	Medication discontinuation_med.iqr	Medication switch_n	Medication switch_med.iqr	Medication dose change_n	Medication dose change_med.iqr	Overall_n	Overall_med.iqr
Adherence	AWP	2	$1,567 ($950 - $2,184)	25	$629 ($569 - $2,505)	23	$629 ($466 - $1,271)	50	$629 ($466 - $1,563)
Adherence	AWP -20%	2	$1,254 ($760 - $1,747)	25	$503 ($455 - $2,004)	23	$503 ($373 - $1,017)	50	$503 ($373 - $1,250)
Adherence	WAC	2	$1,016 ($516 - $1,517)	25	$524 ($164 - $935)	23	$388 ($388 - $957)	50	$518 ($273 - $1,020)
Affordability	AWP	-	-	32	$476 ($371 - $1,707)	5	$16,371 ($1,583 - $24,381)	37	$592 ($395 - $2,233)
Affordability	AWP -20%	-	-	32	$381 ($296 - $1,366)	5	$13,097 ($1,267 - $19,505)	37	$474 ($316 - $1,787)
Affordability	WAC	-	-	32	$360 ($210 - $885)	5	$13,643 ($1,320 - $20,318)	37	$396 ($225 - $1,397)
Drug interaction	AWP	-	-	2	$2,152 ($1,929 - $2,374)	9	$4,254 ($2,375 - $5,285)	11	$2,973 ($2,314 - $5,056)
Drug interaction	AWP -20%	-	-	2	$1,721 ($1,544 - $1,899)	9	$3,403 ($1,900 - $4,228)	11	$2,378 ($1,851 - $4,045)
Drug interaction	WAC	-	-	2	$1,793 ($1,608 - $1,978)	9	$3,545 ($1,979 - $4,404)	11	$2,478 ($1,928 - $4,213)
Adverse drug effect	AWP	36	$1,892 ($678 - $3,925)	49	$968 ($361 - $2,400)	41	$4,100 ($2,649 - $9,212)	126	$2,304 ($801 - $5,171)
Adverse drug effect	AWP -20%	36	$1,514 ($543 - $3,140)	49	$774 ($289 - $1,920)	41	$3,280 ($2,119 - $7,369)	126	$1,843 ($641 - $4,137)
Adverse drug effect	WAC	36	$1,410 ($195 - $3,271)	49	$602 ($219 - $1,731)	41	$3,385 ($1,979 - $7,676)	126	$1,691 ($301 - $4,008)
Allergy	AWP	1	$688 ($688 - $688)	-	-	-	-	1	$688 ($688 - $688)
Allergy	AWP -20%	1	$550 ($550 - $550)	-	-	-	-	1	$550 ($550 - $550)
Allergy	WAC	1	$573 ($573 - $573)	-	-	-	-	1	$573 ($573 - $573)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP	9	$4,062 ($3,115 - $13,440)	4	$1,851 ($1,388 - $3,200)	26	$2,645 ($1,205 - $5,597)	39	$2,853 ($1,615 - $6,158)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP -20%	9	$3,250 ($2,492 - $10,752)	4	$1,481 ($1,111 - $2,560)	26	$2,116 ($964 - $4,477)	39	$2,283 ($1,292 - $4,927)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	WAC	9	$3,385 ($2,596 - $5,318)	4	$901 ($29 - $2,667)	26	$1,795 ($458 - $4,664)	39	$2,339 ($465 - $4,967)
Effectiveness	AWP	7	$4,584 ($3,521 - $6,838)	29	$1,094 ($467 - $5,420)	94	$2,141 ($828 - $4,409)	130	$2,068 ($723 - $4,709)
Effectiveness	AWP -20%	7	$3,667 ($2,817 - $5,470)	29	$875 ($374 - $4,336)	94	$1,712 ($662 - $3,527)	130	$1,654 ($578 - $3,767)
Effectiveness	WAC	7	$3,820 ($533 - $5,698)	29	$911 ($389 - $4,517)	94	$1,485 ($411 - $3,227)	130	$1,365 ($392 - $3,326)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP	51	$3,521 ($913 - $7,316)	25	$2,697 ($899 - $5,031)	81	$3,115 ($1,252 - $6,349)	157	$3,115 ($1,084 - $6,381)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP -20%	51	$2,817 ($730 - $5,853)	25	$2,158 ($719 - $4,025)	81	$2,492 ($1,002 - $5,079)	157	$2,492 ($867 - $5,105)
Regimen appropriateness	WAC	51	$1,841 ($219 - $4,766)	25	$1,731 ($524 - $4,192)	81	$1,895 ($483 - $4,946)	157	$1,841 ($388 - $4,805)

High

strata	method	Medication discontinuation_n	Medication discontinuation_med.iqr	Medication switch_n	Medication switch_med.iqr	Medication dose change_n	Medication dose change_med.iqr	Overall_n	Overall_med.iqr
Adherence	AWP	12	$771 ($521 - $1,713)	37	$1,887 ($1,138 - $2,244)	27	$1,840 ($1,398 - $2,543)	76	$1,702 ($1,029 - $2,529)
Adherence	AWP -20%	12	$617 ($417 - $1,370)	37	$1,510 ($910 - $1,795)	27	$1,472 ($1,119 - $2,034)	76	$1,362 ($823 - $2,023)
Adherence	WAC	12	$530 ($142 - $1,321)	37	$1,048 ($524 - $1,572)	27	$1,165 ($971 - $2,038)	76	$1,165 ($524 - $1,572)
Affordability	AWP	5	$726 ($235 - $1,258)	168	$1,038 ($785 - $2,328)	9	$6,206 ($3,186 - $21,828)	182	$1,038 ($774 - $3,035)
Affordability	AWP -20%	5	$581 ($188 - $1,006)	168	$831 ($628 - $1,862)	9	$4,964 ($2,549 - $17,462)	182	$831 ($619 - $2,428)
Affordability	WAC	5	$196 ($56 - $1,048)	168	$865 ($526 - $1,731)	9	$3,959 ($655 - $18,190)	182	$865 ($494 - $1,902)
Drug interaction	AWP	-	-	2	$4,304 ($3,859 - $4,748)	10	$9,286 ($7,471 - $13,502)	12	$8,714 ($5,021 - $11,547)
Drug interaction	AWP -20%	-	-	2	$3,443 ($3,087 - $3,799)	10	$7,429 ($5,977 - $10,802)	12	$6,971 ($4,017 - $9,238)
Drug interaction	WAC	-	-	2	$3,586 ($3,216 - $3,957)	10	$7,739 ($6,226 - $11,252)	12	$7,262 ($4,184 - $9,623)
Adverse drug effect	AWP	85	$1,805 ($705 - $4,254)	85	$1,445 ($670 - $4,464)	66	$7,126 ($4,136 - $14,391)	236	$3,115 ($899 - $6,812)
Adverse drug effect	AWP -20%	85	$1,444 ($564 - $3,403)	85	$1,156 ($536 - $3,571)	66	$5,700 ($3,309 - $11,513)	236	$2,492 ($719 - $5,450)
Adverse drug effect	WAC	85	$749 ($185 - $3,461)	85	$858 ($292 - $3,461)	66	$5,764 ($3,085 - $12,599)	236	$1,606 ($395 - $5,335)
Allergy	AWP	2	$4,106 ($2,511 - $5,701)	1	$235 ($235 - $235)	-	-	3	$917 ($576 - $4,106)
Allergy	AWP -20%	2	$3,285 ($2,009 - $4,561)	1	$188 ($188 - $188)	-	-	3	$733 ($461 - $3,285)
Allergy	WAC	2	$3,422 ($2,093 - $4,751)	1	$196 ($196 - $196)	-	-	3	$764 ($480 - $3,422)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP	11	$6,349 ($4,673 - $13,214)	7	$2,483 ($1,313 - $4,724)	42	$3,382 ($705 - $7,948)	60	$4,673 ($1,104 - $8,307)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	AWP -20%	11	$5,079 ($3,739 - $10,571)	7	$1,986 ($1,050 - $3,780)	42	$2,706 ($564 - $6,358)	60	$3,739 ($883 - $6,646)
Therapeutic monitoring for safety	WAC	11	$4,513 ($3,153 - $6,871)	7	$301 ($57 - $3,937)	42	$1,524 ($469 - $6,548)	60	$2,701 ($462 - $6,604)
Effectiveness	AWP	22	$1,976 ($1,005 - $4,694)	63	$1,258 ($665 - $4,479)	135	$4,118 ($1,514 - $7,962)	220	$2,798 ($1,038 - $7,170)
Effectiveness	AWP -20%	22	$1,580 ($804 - $3,756)	63	$1,006 ($532 - $3,583)	135	$3,295 ($1,212 - $6,369)	220	$2,238 ($831 - $5,736)
Effectiveness	WAC	22	$1,149 ($536 - $3,230)	63	$1,048 ($554 - $3,733)	135	$2,664 ($783 - $6,066)	220	$1,864 ($658 - $5,938)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP	84	$3,488 ($834 - $9,354)	49	$1,887 ($957 - $5,148)	111	$5,016 ($1,398 - $14,267)	244	$3,705 ($1,153 - $10,512)
Regimen appropriateness	AWP -20%	84	$2,790 ($667 - $7,484)	49	$1,510 ($765 - $4,118)	111	$4,013 ($1,119 - $11,413)	244	$2,964 ($923 - $8,410)
Regimen appropriateness	WAC	84	$2,018 ($410 - $6,686)	49	$1,498 ($749 - $4,290)	111	$3,790 ($524 - $11,889)	244	$2,134 ($532 - $7,795)

4.5 Total costs by intervention outcome

method	analysis	Medication discontinuation_n	Medication discontinuation_total	Medication switch_n	Medication switch_total	Medication dose change_n	Medication dose change_total	Overall_n	Overall_total
AWP	Final	128	$800,157	237	$782,890	321	$2,086,367	686	$3,669,414
AWP	Low	106	$508,569	166	$447,425	279	$1,307,047	551	$2,263,041
AWP	High	221	$1,173,465	412	$1,406,852	400	$2,931,630	1033	$5,511,947
AWP -20%	Final	128	$640,126	237	$626,312	321	$1,669,094	686	$2,935,532
AWP -20%	Low	106	$406,855	166	$357,940	279	$1,045,637	551	$1,810,433
AWP -20%	High	221	$938,772	412	$1,125,482	400	$2,345,304	1033	$4,409,557
WAC	Final	128	$575,029	237	$601,050	321	$1,604,501	686	$2,780,580
WAC	Low	106	$360,865	166	$343,806	279	$1,007,761	551	$1,712,431
WAC	High	221	$860,158	412	$1,098,493	400	$2,267,982	1033	$4,226,633